Table 4.
Electroclinical syndromes and other epilepsies
| Electroclinical syndromes arranged by age at onseta |
| Neonatal period |
| Benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE) |
| Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) |
| Ohtahara syndrome |
| Infancy |
| Epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures |
| West syndrome |
| Myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (MEI) |
| Benign infantile epilepsy |
| Benign familial infantile epilepsy |
| Dravet syndrome |
| Myoclonic encephalopathy in nonprogressive disorders |
| Childhood |
| Febrile seizures plus (FS+) (can start in infancy) |
| Panayiotopoulos syndrome |
| Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic (previously astatic) seizures |
| Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) |
| Autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) |
| Late onset childhood occipital epilepsy (Gastaut type) |
| Epilepsy with myoclonic absences |
| Lennox-Gastaut syndrome |
| Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep (CSWS)b |
| Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) |
| Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) |
| Adolescence-Adult |
| Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) |
| Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) |
| Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone |
| Progressive myoclonic epilepsies (PME) |
| Autosomal dominant epilepsy with auditory features (ADEAF) |
| Other familial temporal lobe epilepsies |
| Less specific age relationship |
| Familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (childhood to adult) |
| Reflex epilepsies |
| Distinctive constellations |
| Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE with HS) |
| Rasmussen syndrome |
| Gelastic seizures with hypothalamic hamartoma |
| Hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy |
| Epilepsies that do not fit into any of these diagnostic categories can be distinguished first on the basis of the presence or absence of a known structural or metabolic condition (presumed cause) and then on the basis of the primary mode of seizure onset (generalized vs. focal) |
| Epilepsies attributed to and organized by structural-metabolic causes |
| Malformations of cortical development (hemimegalencephaly, heterotopies, etc.) |
| Neurocutaneous syndromes (tuberous sclerosis complex, Sturge-Weber, etc.) |
| Tumor |
| Infection |
| Trauma |
| Angioma |
| Perinatal insults |
| Stroke |
| Etc. |
| Epilepsies of unknown cause |
| Conditions with epileptic seizures that are traditionally not diagnosed as a form of epilepsy |
| Benign neonatal seizures (BNS) |
| Febrile seizures (FS) |
a
The arrangement of electroclinical syndromes does not reflect etiology,
b
Sometimes referred to as Electrical Status Epilepticus during Slow Sleep (ESES),
*
Reference: Berg AT et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia 2010; 51(Supll 4):676–685.