Table 1.

Descriptive statistics

	Ethiopia (n=1792)			India (n=1845)			Peru (n=1852)			Vietnam (n=1842)
	Mean/per cent	SD	Number missing*	Mean/per cent	SD	Number missing*	Mean/per cent	SD	Number missing*	Mean/per cent	SD	Number missing*
Standardised PPVT scores
5 years	−0.02	1.0	54	−0.01	1.0	120	0.01	1.0	68	0.01	1.0	211
8 years	−0.01	1.0	26	−0.00	1.0	39	0.02	1.0	113	0.01	1.0	114
Household-level water and sanitation
Improved water 1 year	53.0		0	76.1		0	80.7		0	9.7		0
Improved water 5 years	82.3		0	95.0		0	88.0		0	83.7		0
Improved water 8 years	89.1		0	97.0		0	92.2		0	89.1		0
Improved sanitation 1 year	21.4		0	25.3		0	77.5		0	49.0		0
Improved sanitation 5 years	41.2		0	32.5		0	85.2		0	54.9		0
Improved sanitation 8 years	57.3		0	35.0		0	91.2		0	61.9		0
Child and household characteristics
Age in months at 1 year	11.7	3.6	0	11.7	3.4	0	11.5	3.5	0	11.8	3.1	0
Age in months at 5 years	61.9	3.8	0	64.2	3.8	0	63.5	4.7	0	63.1	3.5	0
Age in months at 8 years	97.0	4.0	0	95.4	3.9	0	95.0	3.6	0	96.5	3.5	0
Child is female	47.0		0	46.2		0	49.8		0	48.8		0
Average consumption (5 and 8 years)	0.6	0.4	0	0.6	0.3	167	1.9	1.6	1	0.8	0.9	3
Mother's height	158.7	6.2	145	151.5	6.0	33	150.0	5.5	87	152.2	5.9	19
Mother’s completed schooling	3.0	3.8	14	3.7	4.4	4	7.8	4.4	15	7.0	4.0	15
Father's completed schooling	4.8	4.3	76	5.6	5.0	3	9.1	3.9	58	7.7	4.0	48
Mother’s age	27.5	6.4	47	23.6	4.3	8	26.8	6.8	12	27.1	5.7	3
Urban residence	35.0		0	24.9		0	66.1		0	19.4		0
Moved between ages 1 and 5 years	13.7		0	9.7		0	47.6		0	15.4		0
Moved between ages 5 and 8 years	9.3		0	2.4		0	77.4		0	0.2		0
Other community characteristics
Community wealth	−0.03	2.7	0	−0.01	2.3	1	0.02	2.6	1	0.03	2.5	0
Community has a hospital	30.2		89	46.2		43	34.4		0	89.8		0
Community has a secondary school	34.5		89	43.7		43	78.1		0	98.2		0
Community population	8046.3	7261.0	89	3074.1	3660.0	150	4276.5	3958.9	198	10326.6	5812.6	0

*This column reflects the number of missing (and thus imputed) observations per variable.

PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.