Table 1. Thermoregulatory and hemodynamic variables.

	Rest (1st session)	HS (2nd session)	FHC (3rd session)	WBC (4th session)
Esophageal temperature, °C	36.71 ± 0.23	38.01 ± 0.20*	37.95 ± 0.18*	37.05 ± 0.21*†‡
External canal temperature, °C	36.98 ± 0.28	38.10 ± 0.34*	37.77 ± 0.32*	37.01 ± 0.42†‡
Mean skin temperature, °C	34.27 ± 0.63	38.93 ± 0.58*	38.53 ± 0.84*	34.34 ± 0.79†‡
Local skin temperature, °C
Forehead	32.8 ± 1.1	34.5 ± 0.7*	31.3 ± 0.9*†	31.1 ± 1.5*†
Forearm	33.0 ± 0.9	36.9 ± 1.3*	36.8 ± 1.5*	33.2 ± 1.7†‡
CVC, au/mmHg
Forehead	0.47 ± 0.17	1.53 ± 0.61*	1.42 ± 0.47*†	0.82 ± 0.52*†‡
Forearm	0.14 ± 0.12	0.90 ± 0.36*	0.88 ± 0.34*	0.53 ± 0.26*†‡
Heart rate, bpm	63.3 ± 7.3	105.4 ± 12.2*	102.8 ± 11.4*	73.4 ± 11.7*†
Mean arterial blood pressure, mmHg	91.7 ± 8.0	88.8 ± 7.7	87.4 ± 6.1	97.1 ± 8.8*†
Blood flow, ml/min
Common carotid artery	506.5 ± 89.4	746.6 ± 131.7*	700.7 ± 156.4*	475.4 ± 79.7†‡
Internal carotid artery	356.9 ± 86.4	306.2 ± 74.5*	376.1 ± 118.2†	345.8 ± 107.2‡
External carotid artery (estimated)	149.6 ± 63.6	440.5 ± 80.1*	324.6 ± 107.5*†	129.7 ± 59.8†‡

HS; whole body heat stress, FHC; local face and head cooling during heat stress, WBC; whole body cooling (i.e. recovery).

CVC; cutaneous vascular conductance. Data except for blood flow measured by ultrasound were averaged during the task in each session.

Values are the mean ± SD. * P < 0.05 from the 1^st session; † from the 2^nd session; ‡ from the 3^rd session.