Table 1.
Clinical variables of the 124 hypertensive patients in the normal or low ankle brachial index group
| Characteristic | All patients (n = 124) | Normal ABI group (n = 106) | Low ABI group (n = 18) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.40 ± 9.81 | 63.67 ± 9.00 | 68.72 ± 13.15 | 0.043* |
| Height (cm) | 161.33 ± 8.84 | 161.75 ± 8.62 | 158.83 ± 9.92 | 0.197 |
| Body weight (kg) | 69.96 ± 12.49 | 70.51 ± 12.78 | 66.78 ± 10.39 | 0.243 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.87 ± 9.00 | 91.63 ± 8.52 | 93.28 ± 11.65 | 0.476 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.80 ± 3.72 | 26.84 ± 3.69 | 26.53 ± 3.96 | 0.740 |
| Left ankle-brachial index | 1.06 ± 0.11 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.10 | <0.001* |
| Right ankle-brachial index | 1.05 ± 0.12 | 1.08 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.10 | <0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.63 ± 16.97 | 133.62 ± 16.11 | 140.56 ± 20.92 | 0.109 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.10 ± 10.18 | 74.30 ± 10.46 | 72.94 ± 8.47 | 0.603 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.18 ± 38.59 | 174.38 ± 40.54 | 173.00 ± 24.90 | 0.889 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 128.00 (93.25–177.25) | 122.00 (90.75–178.25) | 137.00 (114.00–172.50) | 0.383 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.19 ± 12.81 | 45.38 ± 12.85 | 44.11 ± 12.88 | 0.700 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 103.19 ± 30.46 | 103.03 ± 32.11 | 104.11 ± 18.47 | 0.890 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 111.00 (96.25–137.75) | 111.00 (96.75–137.25) | 110.00 (94.50–154.00) | 0.980 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 17.36 ± 6.11 | 16.99 ± 5.75 | 19.56 ± 7.76 | 0.100 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.13 ± 0.33 | 1.09 ± 0.28 | 1.38 ± 0.47 | <0.001* |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 67.81 ± 20.37 | 70.10 ± 18.81 | 54.33 ± 24.35 | 0.002* |
| Total calcium (mg/dL) | 9.16 ± 0.37 | 9.15 ± 0.38 | 9.20 ± 0.33 | 0.560 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.55 ± 0.51 | 3.54 ± 0.53 | 3.57 ± 0.38 | 0.854 |
| Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 46.65 (33.53–61.95) | 46.30 (32.40–59.85) | 51.20 (36.45–77.78) | 0.272 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.21 (0.15–0.29) | 0.20 (0.14–0.27) | 0.28 (0.20–0.55) | 0.013* |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 7.19 (5.21–10.33) | 6.67 (4.77–8.59) | 11.79 (9.94–16.72) | <0.001* |
| Male, n (%) | 82 (66.1) | 71 (67.0) | 11 (61.1) | 0.627 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 63 (50.8) | 52 (49.1) | 11 (61.1) | 0.344 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 99 (79.8) | 85 (80.2) | 14 (77.8) | 0.814 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 11 (8.9) | 7 (6.6) | 4 (22.2) | 0.031* |
| ACE inhibitor use, n (%) | 44 (35.5) | 39 (36.8) | 5 (27.8) | 0.460 |
| ARB use, n (%) | 67 (54.0) | 57 (53.8) | 10 (55.6) | 0.888 |
| β-blocker use, n (%) | 72 (58.1) | 60 (56.6) | 12 (66.7) | 0.424 |
| CCB use, n (%) | 56 (45.2) | 49 (46.2) | 7 (38.9) | 0.563 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 69 (55.4) | 58 (54.7) | 11 (61.1) | 0.614 |
| Fibrate use, n (%) | 30 (24.2) | 28 (26.4) | 2 (11.1) | 0.161 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 72 (58.1) | 64 (60.4) | 8 (44.4) | 0.205 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 30 (24.2) | 27 (25.5) | 3 (16.7) | 0.420 |
Values for continuous variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation after analysis by Student’s t-test; variables not normally distributed are shown as median and interquartile range after analysis by the Mann–Whitney U test; values are presented as number (%) and analysis after analysis by the chi-square test
ABI ankle brachial index, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin-receptor blocker, CCB calcium-channel blocker
*Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant