Table 1.

Clinical factors that contribute to recurrent atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation and potential interventions that could reduce their impact on recurrent atrial fibrillation

Factor associated with recurrent AF	Possible intervention
Age	None available
Chronic kidney disease	?
Diabetes	Weight reduction, regular exercise (?)
Obesity	Weight reduction, regular exercise
Hypertension	Antihypertensive therapy, possibly including monoxidine and RAAS inhibition
Heart failure	Therapy of HFrEF with ACE inhibitors, β blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, etc.
High ventricular rate	Rate control therapy (?)
Left atrial diameter	None available
Duration of continuous AF prior to ablation	Early rhythm control therapy (?)

ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; RAAS, renin–angiotensin aldosterone.