Table 1.
Renal manifestations among 258 adults with snakebite envenomation, Yangon, Myanmar, 2015–2016
| Characteristic | All | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical manifestations | ||
| Reduced urine volume | 258 | 128 (49.6) |
| Renal tenderness | 258 | 114 (44.2) |
| Gross hematuria | 258 | 46 (17.8) |
| Dark- colored urine | 258 | 25 (9.7) |
| Urinalysis and urine chemistries | ||
| Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥1 | 186 | 112 (60.2) |
| Microscopic hematuria | 255 | 81 (31.4) |
| Pigmenturia | 255 | 38 (14.7) |
| Leukocyturia | 255 | 22 (8.5) |
| Blood chemistry | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 258 | 140 (54.3) |
| At presentation | 140 | 88 (62.9) |
| During hospitalization | 140 | 52 (37.1) |
| Serum sodium | ||
| Hyponatremia | 258 | 115 (44.6) |
| Hypernatremia | 258 | 5 (1.9) |
| Serum potassium | ||
| Hypokalemia | 258 | 52 (20.2) |
| Hyperkalemia | 258 | 19 (7.4) |
| Serum calcium | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 256 | 88 (34.4) |
| Hypercalcemia | 256 | 6 (2.3) |
| Serum phosphate | ||
| Hypophosphatemia | 256 | 20 (7.8) |
| Hyperphosphatemia | 256 | 68 (26.6) |
| Serum bicarbonate | ||
| Metabolic acidosis | 258 | 22 (8.5) |
| Metabolic alkalosis | 258 | 1 (0.4) |