Table 2.
Clinical parameters, laboratory findings, and management characteristics among 258 adults with snakebite envenomation, Yangon, Myanmar, 2015–2016
| Characteristics | All | With acute kidney injury, n (%) | Without acute kidney injury, n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| Bites from Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae | ||||
| Yes | 214 | 136 (63.6) | 78 (36.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 44 | 4 (9.1) | 40 (90.9) | |
| Local swelling | ||||
| Grades II–IV | 167 | 111 (66.5) | 56 (33.5) | <0.001 |
| Grades 0-I | 91 | 29 (31.9) | 62 (68.1) | |
| Hypotension | ||||
| Yes | 69 | 60 (87.0) | 9 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 189 | 80 (42.3) | 109 (57.7) | |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| WBC (cells/μL) | ||||
| > 10 × 103 | 194 | 126 (64.9) | 68 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| ≤ 10 × 103 | 64 | 14 (21.9) | 50 (78.1) | |
| Overt DIC | ||||
| Yes | 147 | 103 (70.1) | 44 (29.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 111 | 37 (33.3) | 74 (66.7) | |
| Capillary leakage | ||||
| Yes | 35 | 30 (85.7) | 5 (14.3) | <0.001 |
| No | 223 | 110 (49.3) | 113 (50.7) | |
| Creatine kinase (IU/L) | ||||
| > 500 | 104 | 87 (83.7) | 17 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| ≤ 500 | 152 | 51 (33.6) | 101 (66.4) | |
| Blood sugar (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≥ 150 | 53 | 37 (69.8) | 16 (30.2) | 0.017 |
| < 150 | 205 | 103 (50.2) | 102 (49.8) | |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | ||||
| < 135 mmol/L | 115 | 91 (79.1) | 24 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 135 mmol/L | 143 | 49 (34.3) | 94 (65.7) | |
| Microscopic hematuria | ||||
| Yes | 81 | 70 (86.4) | 11 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 174 | 67 (38.5) | 107 (61.5) | |
| Management | ||||
| Site of management | ||||
| Ward | 211 | 129 (61.1) | 82 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| ICU | 47 | 11 (23.4) | 36 (76.6) | |
| Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours) | ||||
| ≥ 2 | 174 | 107 (61.5) | 67 (38.5) | 0.007 |
| < 2 | 76 | 32 (42.1) | 44 (57.9) |
Abbreviations: DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, ICU intensive care unit, WBC white blood cell, 20WBCT 20-min whole blood clotting test