Table 4.

Logistic regression analysis of parameters associated with acute kidney injury, Yangon, Myanmar, 2015–2016

Characteristic	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	n	OR (95% CI)	p value	n	OR (95% CI)	p value
Clinical parameters
Bites from Viperidae or presenting clinical syndrome of Viperidae	258			244
Yes		17.44 (6.01–50.57)	<0.001		9.65 (2.42–38.44)	0.001
No		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)
Local swelling	258
Grades II–IV		4.24 (2.45–7.31)	<0.001
Grades 0-I		1.00 (Reference)
Hypotension	258
Yes		9.08 (4.26–19.38)	<0.001
No		1.00 (Reference)
Laboratory parameters
WBC (cells/μL)	258			244
> 10 × 103		6.62 (3.41–12.83)	<0.001		3.55 (1.35–9.34)	0.010
≤ 10 × 103		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)
Overt DIC	258			244
Yes		4.68 (2.76–7.95)	<0.001		2.23 (1.02–4.89)	0.045
No		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)
Capillary leakage	258
Yes		6.16 (2.31–16.46)	<0.001
No		1.00 (Reference)
Creatine kinase (IU/L)	256			244
> 500		10.14 (5.46–18.83)	<0.001		4.06 (1.71–9.63)	0.001
≤ 500		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)
Blood sugar (mg/dL)	258
≥ 150		2.29 (2.00–4.37)	0.012
< 150		1.00 (Reference)
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	258			244
< 135 mmol/L		7.27 (4.13–12.82)	<0.001		4.37 (2.04–9.38)	<0.001
≥ 135 mmol/L		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)
Microscopic hematuria	255			244
Yes		10.16 (5.02–20.57)	<0.001		3.60 (1.45–8.91)	0.006
No		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)
Management
Site of management	258
Ward		5.15 (2.48–10.68)	<0.001
ICU		1.00 (Reference)
Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours)	250			244
≥ 2		2.20 (1.27–3.80)	0.005		3.73 (1.48–9.37)	0.005
< 2		1.00 (Reference)			1.00 (Reference)

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, ICU intensive care unit, OR odds ratio, WBC white blood cell