Table 5.
Clinical parameters, laboratory findings, and management characteristics of 164 adults bitten by Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae (86 patients with acute kidney injury at presentation and 78 patients without acute kidney injury)
| Characteristics | All | With acute kidney injury, n (%) | Without acute kidney injury, n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypotension | ||||
| Yes | 46 | 39 (84.8) | 7 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 118 | 47 (39.8) | 71 (60.2) | |
| WBC (cells/μL) | ||||
| > 10 × 103 | 122 | 75 (61.5) | 47 (38.5) | <0.001 |
| ≤ 10 × 103 | 41 | 10 (24.4) | 31 (75.6) | |
| Overt DIC | ||||
| Yes | 100 | 64 (64.0) | 36 (36.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 64 | 22 (34.4) | 42 (65.6) | |
| Capillary leakage | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 17 (89.5) | 2 (10.5) | 0.001 |
| No | 145 | 69 (47.6) | 76 (52.4) | |
| Creatine kinase (IU/L) | ||||
| > 500 | 69 | 57 (82.6) | 12 (17.4) | <0.001 |
| ≤ 500 | 95 | 29 (30.5) | 66 (69.5) | |
| Blood sugar (mg/dL) | ||||
| ≥ 150 | 38 | 27 (71.1) | 11 (28.9) | 0.015 |
| < 150 | 126 | 59 (46.8) | 67 (53.2) | |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | ||||
| < 135 | 77 | 61 (79.2) | 16 (20.8) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 135 | 87 | 25 (28.7) | 62 (71.3) | |
| Microscopic hematuria | ||||
| Yes | 61 | 51 (83.6) | 10 (16.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 101 | 33 (32.7) | 68 (67.3) | |
| Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours) | ||||
| ≥ 2 | 112 | 68 (60.7) | 44 (39.3) | 0.021 |
| < 2 | 44 | 17 (38.6) | 27 (61.4) |
Abbreviations: DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, WBC white blood cell