Table 6.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters of adults bitten by Viperidae or presenting the clinical syndrome of Viperidae for identifying acute kidney injury at presentation
| Characteristic | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | OR (95% CI) | p value | n | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Hypotension | 164 | 153 | ||||
| Yes | 8.42 (3.47–20.39) | <0.001 | 3.56 (1.05–12.09) | 0.042 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||||
| WBC (cells/μL) | 163 | |||||
| > 10 × 103 | 4.95 (2.22–11.02) | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 10 × 103 | 1.00 (Reference) | |||||
| Overt DIC | 164 | |||||
| Yes | 3.39 (1.76–6.55) | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Reference) | |||||
| Capillary leakage | 164 | |||||
| Yes | 9.36 (2.09–42.00) | 0.003 | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Reference) | |||||
| Creatine kinase (IU/L) | 164 | 153 | ||||
| > 500 | 10.81 (5.05–23.12) | <0.001 | 6.24 (2.10–18.49) | 0.001 | ||
| ≤ 500 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||||
| Blood sugar (mg/dL) | 164 | |||||
| ≥ 150 | 2.79 (1.27–6.10) | 0.010 | ||||
| < 150 | 1.00 (Reference) | |||||
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 164 | 153 | ||||
| < 135 mmol/L | 9.46 (4.60–19.43) | <0.001 | 7.81 (2.87–21.24) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥ 135 mmol/L | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||||
| Microscopic hematuria | 162 | 153 | ||||
| Yes | 10.51 (4.74–23.28) | <0.001 | 11.45 (3.76–34.82) | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||||
| Time from bite to receiving antivenom (hours) | 156 | 153 | ||||
| ≥ 2 | 2.45 (1.20–5.02) | 0.014 | 7.98 (2.06–30.92) | 0.003 | ||
| < 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | ||||
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, OR odds ratio, WBC white blood cell