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Overview of the modulation of IDO1 by ER in breast cancer. In ER-positive breast cancer, hypermethylation (HyperM) of CpGs in the IDO1 promoter reduces IDO1 expression. Reduced IDO1 expression results in less production of immunosuppressive kynurenine. In contrast, in ER-negative breast cancer the CpGs in the IDO1 promoter are hypomethylated (HypoM) leading to stronger induction of IDO1, increased production of Kyn and finally enhanced suppression of antitumor immune responses.
