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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2017 Feb 4;44:61–69. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.01.005

Table 4.

Adjusted Racial/Ethnic Differences in Ideal Cardiovascular Health Behaviors

BMIa Smokinga Physical Activitya Dieta
OR [95% C.I.] OR [95% C.I.] OR [95% C.I.] OR [95% C.I.]
Black-white
 Unadjustedc 0.401 [0.339– 0.475] † 0.713 [0.584– 0.872] † 0.894 [0.773– 1.034] 0.446 [0.229– 0.870] †
 Fixed Effectc,d 0.363 [0.276– 0.478] † 0.704 [0.509– 0.974] † 0.954 [0.758– 1.201] 0.319 [0.098– 1.036]
 Random Effectc,e 0.415 [0.344– 0.501] † 0.803 [0.639– 1.007] 0.998 [0.849– 1.173] 0.421 [0.198– 0.893] †
 Hybrid Fixed Effectc,f 0.412 [0.320– 0.531] † 0.747 [0.551– 1.014] 0.969 [0.778– 1.207] 0.370 [0.133– 1.029]
Largest % changeg 2.3% 31.4% N/A N/A
Hispanic-white
 Unadjustedc 0.417 [0.334– 0.520] † 1.265 [0.985– 1.624] 0.864 [0.720– 1.037] 0.349 [0.136– 0.899] †
 Fixed Effectc,d 0.454 [0.327– 0.628] † 1.188 [0.849– 1.679] 0.910 [0.700– 1.183] 0.211 [0.034– 1.310]
 Random Effectc,e 0.428 [0.340– 0.538] † 1.322 [1.013– 1.724] † 0.920 [0.759– 1.114] 0.349 [0.129– 0.941] †
 Hybrid Fixed Effectc,f 0.494 [0.366– 0.666] † 1.170 [0.844– 1.621] 0.942 [0.737– 1.205] 0.319 [0.088– 1.146]
Largest % changeg 13.2% N/A N/A N/A
P-valueb
 Unadjustedc <0.001 <0.001 0.172 0.017
 Fixed Effectc,d <0.001 0.035 0.757 0.049
 Random Effectc,e <0.001 0.002 0.657 0.030
 Hybrid Fixed Effectc,f <0.001 0.058 0.881 0.068

Sample size for fixed effects model: N=3981 for BMI; N=3687 for smoking; N=4412 for physical activity; N=978 for diet

†

P-value<0.05 for beta coefficient for black-white or Hispanic-white comparison and CVH indicator

a

Outcome compares ideal vs. intermediate/poor CVH

b

p-value for overall association between race/ethnicity and CVH indicator

c

All models include the following covariates: study site, gender, race/ethnicity, age, education, income

d

Fixed effects model includes: neighborhood tract identifier

e

Random effects model includes: neighborhood SES, neighborhood physical environment, neighborhood social environment

f

Hybrid fixed effects model includes: neighborhood SES, neighborhood physical environment, neighborhood social environment, neighborhood proportion black, neighborhood proportion Hispanic

N/A listed for largest percent change if estimate was in the unexpected direction or racial/ethnic differences were not statistically significant in unadjusted models