A retrospective study comparing outcomes of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair by scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy in Finland

Abstract

Background

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is the most common form of retinal detachment and an ophthalmic emergency. Here, we compared outcomes of primary RRD eyes operated with conventional scleral buckling (SB) with cryoretinopexy to those operated with standard pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Methods

This is an institutional, retrospective, register-based, observational, comparative study. Based on the surgical procedure, 319 eyes of 319 patients were divided into two groups: SB plus cryotherapy (n=50) and PPV (n=269). Changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded at 30 days and reoperation rates within 180 days postoperatively.

Results

Eyes operated with PPV had less reoperations within the first 180 days as compared with SB eyes (P=0.001, log-rank test); however, changes in IOP were more prominent (mean ± standard deviation: +8.1±8.8 vs. +4.4±7.0 mmHg, respectively; P=0.006). Changes in BCVA did not differ between the surgical procedures.

Conclusion

PPV was associated with higher primary anatomic success rates and lower risk of reoperation but significant IOP elevation when compared to SB. These factors should be case-specifically considered when choosing treatment modality for primary RRD.

Introduction

RRD is a potentially sight-threatening vitreoretinal disease and ophthalmic emergency.¹ PVR, first reported in 1934 by Gonin, is the most frequent and severe complication of RRD and a major cause of failure of RRD surgery leading to a need of reoperation, with an incidence of 4%–34% in prospective studies.^2–4

SB and PPV are the two most commonly used surgical techniques for primary repair of uncomplicated RRD, with anatomic success rates in the range of 85%–91%.^5–7 SB was introduced in 1957, and PPV in 1976.^8,9 These techniques can also be used combined.^10,11 During the last two decades, plenty of clinical studies have been published related to clinical risk factors, ocular characteristics, and features of RRD, as well as methods of reattachment surgery and development of instrumentation. Currently, SB is considered as a reference technique for phakic primary RRD, and PPV as the first choice for primary pseudophakic RRD as well as for posterior and giant retinal tears, and for cases with media opacities and complex retinal pathology.

Here, we investigated these two main surgical RRD techniques, SB and PPV, and compared the early postoperative outcomes and probability of reoperations within 180 days postoperatively.

Materials and methods

Study design

This was an institutional, retrospective, register-based, observational study. Patients were admitted for primary operation for management of RRD in the unit of vitreoretinal surgery, in a tertiary governmental hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Our register-based study was conducted according to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Helsinki University Central Hospital and Hjelt Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, patient written informed consent was deemed not required by the Institutional Review Board of Helsinki University Hospital.

Patients and surgical approach

In our study, a total of 319 eyes of 319 patients underwent primary vitreoretinal surgery for RRD between January 1 and December 31 of 2013. Inclusion criteria were, (1) a history of primary RRD, (2) having undergone SB or microincision transconjuctival PPV as the primary procedure, and (3) availability for follow-up for at least 180 days postoperatively. Exclusion criterion was a history of combined phacovitrectomy or the presence of traumatic RRD (n=21) or juvenile RRD (age ≤18 years). No postoperative endophthalmitis was observed in our study. Eyes which have undergone SB plus PPV were not included in the analysis.

Basic patient-related and ophthalmic data collected included age, gender, body mass index, ASA physical status classification, and systemic diseases as well as operation time, extent of RD, status of the lens (crystalline/IOL), presence of VH, presence of PVR (grade C), AL, IOP (mmHg), and BCVA at baseline.

All patients in the SB group underwent conjunctival peritomy, isolation and looping of rectus muscles, external marking of holes/breaks via diathermy, treatment of retinal holes/breaks with cryoretinopexy (ca. −80°C) via indirect ophthalmoscopy, and suturing of segmental circumferential silicone buckles (foam sponge sutured to the sclera) to support retinal holes/breaks with or without external drainage of subretinal fluid. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed when needed. Intraocular filtered air injection was performed if considered necessary. After conjunctival closure, paraocular antibiotic (gensumycin) and corticosteroid injections (kenalog) were performed. During buckling procedure, the eye fundus was viewed through the indirect ophthalmoscope.

All patients in the PPV group underwent a standard valved transconjunctival (20, 23, or 25 gauge) vitrectomy (Constellation Vision System; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) with noncontact viewing system (EIBOS; Möller-Wedel, a Haag-Streit Company, Wedel, Germany). Surgical technique consisted of core vitrectomy (three-dimensional vitrectomy mode) with cutting rate up to 5,000 per minute and suction up to 500 mmHg. Perfluorocarbon liquids were used intraoperatively to reattach the retina. Chromodissection with a combination of brilliant blue and trypan blue (0.15%) (MembraneBlue-dual^®; DORC, Zuidland, the Netherlands) was performed for epiretinal PVR membrane and ILM staining. Dissection techniques were used to remove preretinal (PVR) membranes lying on the ILM, and ILM peeling was performed if considered necessary. Shaving and removal of peripheral vitreous was done under nurse assistance or using an extra chandelier according to surgeons’ preference. Peripheral vitreous was occasionally visualized using triamcinolone acetonide if needed. Drainage of the subretinal fluid was achieved through a preexisting original retinal break or via a posterior drainage retinotomy in eyes with anterior retinal break(s) with or without perfluorocarbon assistance. In PPV cases, retinal periphery was examined, and the original hole(s)/break(s)/tear(s) was treated with endolaser photocoagulation. Fluid–air exchange was performed and assisted with flute needle suction. Different intraocular tamponade agents were used in the PPV eyes. The choice of tamponade gas, sulfur hexafluoride (20%), perfluoroethane (19%), or perfluoropropane (13.6%), was individualized based on the location and characteristics of RD and expected patient compliance. Silicone oil tamponade was used in eleven eyes. Removal of silicone oil was not counted as revitrectomy. After gas exchange, sclerotomy massage was performed to promote self-sealing. If sclerotomy leakage was suspected, a suture was placed.

Of the operated 319 patients, 50 (15.7%) eyes underwent SB plus cryotherapy, and 269 (84.3%) underwent PPV as initial surgical procedure. The operations were performed mostly under retrobulbar local anesthesia (302 eyes; 95%), and only a minority of the patients received general anesthesia (17 eyes; 5%).

Indication and timing of reoperation was checked from patient archives up to 180 days postoperatively. Postoperatively, operated patients received dexamethasone (1 mg/mL)/chloramphenicol (2 mg/mL) eye drops four times a day for 4 weeks.

VA testing and measurement of IOP

BCVA was measured preoperatively, 1 day postoperatively, and at 30 days postoperatively on a standard Snellen chart at an observation distance of 5 m. No other intermediate-phase controls were routinely performed. When the largest optotype could not be recognized correctly, the classification was very low VA on a semiquantitative scale, such as CF, HM, LP, or NLP. For statistical purposes, the Snellen values were transformed to the equivalent logMAR units. The very low VA measurements were converted as follows: CF 1.9 logMAR, HM 2.3 logMAR, LP 2.7 logMAR, and NLP 3.0 logMAR.¹²

IOP was measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry.

Statistical analysis

Data are given as mean ± standard deviation and range (min–max) except absolute number and proportion for nominal scale, and were analyzed with SPSS 15.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R 2012 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). For two-group comparisons, qualitative data were analyzed by two-factor χ² test, ordinal measurement scale variables by Mann–Whitney U-test, and continuous variables by Student’s t-test. Log-rank test was used to estimate the hazard functions of the groups at observed event time. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Baseline patient-related and ophthalmic characteristics of SB and PPV groups

A total of 319 eyes were included in our study: 50 eyes in the SB group and 269 eyes in the PPV group. Baseline characteristics of study groups are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline variables

	SB (n=50)	PPV (n=269)	P-value
Patient characteristics
Age (years)	54.3±12.2 (20–74)	61.4±9.9 (35–101)	0.001
Gender, male:female (n; %)	27:23 (54; 46%)	93:176 (35; 65%)	0.009
BMI (kg/m2)	26.6±5.4 (19.7–46.1)	27.0±4.5 (17.7–45.0)	0.666
ASA classification (1–4)	1.7±0.8 (1–3)	2.1±0.8 (1–4)	0.002
Hypertonia	15 (30%)	111 (41%)	0.135
Diabetes mellitus	5 (10%)	34 (13%)	0.601
Coronary artery disease	0 (0%)	29 (11%)	0.149
Ophthalmic characteristics
Operation time (minutes)	67.7±21.3 (32–133)	77.9±29.6 (21–235)	0.005
Extent of retinal detachment in 1–4 quadrants	30:19:1:0	81:136:44:8	0.001
Pseudophakia (IOL)	1 (2%)	126 (47%)	,0.001
Vitreous hemorrhage	3 (6%)	78 (29%)	0.001
PVR	2 (4%)	30 (11%)	0.122
Axial length (mm)	25.3±1.7 (22.9–30.8)	25.2±1.7 (22.2–33.1)	0.694
Intraocular pressure (mmHg)	14.6±4.2 (1–23)	13.4±4.3 (1–31)	0.042
BCVA (logMAR)	0.41±0.61 (HM 0.08)	0.64±0.82 (NLP 0.18)	0.039

Notes: Data are given as mean ± SD and range (min–max) or absolute number and proportion. For two-group comparisons, qualitative data were analyzed by two-factor χ² test, ordinal measurement data by Mann–Whitney U-test, and continuous variables by Student’s t-test. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; BMI, body mass index; HM, hand motion; IOL, intraocular lens; logMAR, logarithm of minimum angle of resolution; NLP, no light perception; PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy; SB, scleral buckling; SD, standard deviation.

There were discrepancies in some patient and ocular baseline characteristics. The age of presentation varied from 20 to 74 years with a mean age of 54.3 years in the SB group as compared with the age of presentation varying from 35 to 101 years with a mean age of 61.4 years in the PPV group (P=0.001, Table 1). The RD patients in the SB group were healthier as defined by ASA physical status classification system compared with RD patients in the PPV group (P=0.002). Noteworthy, the gender distribution differed among the two main study groups, with more males being operated by SB than by PPV (P=0.009). Of note, there were altogether 120 male patients and 199 female patients included in our study. There was no difference in the presence of systemic diseases such as hypertonia, diabetes mellitus, or coronary artery disease among the study groups.

The operation time was significantly shorter in the SB than in the PPV group (P=0.005, Table 1). As regards the extent of RRD (the total area of detached quadrants), there were statistical differences between the SB and PPV groups (P=0.001). While 19.3% of patients in the PPV group had a detachment larger than two quadrants, only 2% in the SB group presented with this. More accurately, 30 out of 50 eyes (60%) operated with SB had retinal detachment less than one quadrant (3 clock hours), 19 eyes (38%) had less than two quadrants, and in only one eye (2%), three quadrants were detached. No patient in the SB group had a total RRD (four quadrants). On the contrary, only 81 eyes out of 269 (30%) operated with PPV had retinal detachment less than one quadrant, 136 eyes (51%) had less than two quadrants, and 44 eyes (16%) had less than three quadrants. Eight eyes (3%) had a total RRD. All in all, more complicated RRD cases were operated in our PPV group.

Preoperatively, IOP was lower (P=0.042), and occurrence of VH was more common (P=0.001) in eyes operated with PPV than by SB (Table 1). No difference was observed regarding the presence of PVR, or the AL of the study eyes between the study groups. Pseudophakic RRD eyes (n=127) were all treated with PPV except for one with SB (P<0.001).

Outcomes in SB and PPV groups

At 30 days postoperatively, IOP was higher in RRD eyes operated with PPV compared to SB (P=0.034, Table 2), with the concomitant IOP pressure change after surgery being higher in the PPV group (P=0.006, Table 3). The IOP change was related to type of endotamponade (Table 4). Also, BCVA remained worse in RRD eyes operated with PPV compared to SB (P=0.013). However, the BCVA gain was comparable between the groups (P=nonsignificant).

Table 2.

Postoperative variables

	SB (n=50)	PPV (n=269)	P-value
Intraocular pressure (mmHg)	18.9±6.3 (9–46)	21.8±8.4 (5–55)	0.034
BCVA (logMAR)	0.32±0.39 (HM 0.08)	0.50±0.51 (LP 0.08)	0.013

Notes: Data are given as mean ± SD and range (min–max). For two-group comparisons, continuous variables were analyzed by Student’s t-test. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; HM, hand motion; LP, light perception; logMAR, logarithm of minimum angle of resolution; PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; SB, scleral buckling; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3.

Postoperative outcome

	SB (n=50)	PPV (n=269)	P-value
Intraocular pressure change (mmHg)	+4.4±7.0	+8.1±8.8	0.006
BCVAchange (logMAR)	−0.11±0.56	−0.17±0.87	0.642

Notes: Data are given as mean ± SD. For two-group comparisons, continuous variables were analyzed by Student’s t-test. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; logMAR, logarithm of minimum angle of resolution; PPV, pars plana vitrectomy; SB, scleral buckling; SD, standard deviation.

Table 4.

Intraocular pressure change (mmHg) according to endotamponade

	IOP change
No endotamponade (n=2)	+2.5±10.6
SF6 (n=18)	+1.8±6.0
C2F6 (n=144)	+7.7±9.0
C3F8 (n=76)	+10.1±9.1
Silicone oil (n=11)	+11.5±10.7

Note: Data are given as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: IOP, intraocular pressure; SF6, sulfur hexafluoride; C2F6, perfluoroethane; C3F8, perfluoropropane; SD, standard deviation.

Reason for reoperation was retinal redetachment

Noteworthy, primary anatomical surgical success rate differed between the study groups (Kaplan–Meier analysis). We found that the eyes operated with primary SB were reoperated more commonly within the first 180 postoperative days compared with the RRD eyes that underwent primary PPV (P=0.001, Figure 1). No gender or age predilection for reoperations was noticed between SB or PPV groups (data not shown).

Figure 1.

180-Day anatomic success rates of the study eyes.

Notes: Hazard of revitrectomy within 180 postoperative days was analyzed by log-rank test and compared between the eyes primarily operated with scleral buckling (blue; n=50) and pars plana vitrectomy (green; n=269). Success rate without reoperation within 180 days was 78.0% for scleral buckling and 91.8% for pars plana vitrectomy. P=0.001.

Discussion

In our study, primary RRD eyes operated with three-port PPV had less reoperations due to retinal redetachment within 180 days postoperatively as compared with conventional SB procedure. The first 6 weeks postoperatively are considered as the most important period during which most complications occur, while most of the retinal redetachments seem to occur within six months.¹³ Only one-sixth of our study eyes were treated with SB, demonstrating per se the current tendency of vitreoretinal surgeons to treat RRDs with PPV.¹⁴ The fact that primary SB procedures more often had a need for reoperation is of importance. Noteworthy, previous reports have confirmed that single SB and PPV procedures have similar anatomical and functional outcomes in uncomplicated RRD cases.^2,5,6,15 Interestingly, more female than male patients underwent primary RRD surgery in our study hospital, but the reason for this gender discrepancy was not clear.

The reasons for inferiority of SB procedure in our study could be related to various patient-, eye-, and/or surgical technique-related characteristics. Preoperative risk factors contributing to RRD reoperation are related to longer duration of retinal detachment, presence of PVR, extent of RD, presence of VH, structure of the eyeball (longer AL, myopia), systemic diseases, and medication of the patient.¹⁶ Generally, PVR formation is considered more pronounced in younger patients² which, however, was not confirmed in our study population. In patients with RRD of more than 1-week duration, tissue remodeling phases such as mesenchymal transformation of RPE cells toward fibroblast- or macrophage-like cell morphology are activated, and the risk for PVR is therefore considered higher.^3,17 Preoperatively, a minority of our primary RRD eyes were diagnosed with characteristics of advanced PVR formation (star folds or epiretinal membranes) by biomicroscopy, which was 4% in the SB group compared with 11% in the PPV group, paralleling previous studies.¹⁸ Since rate of preexisting PVR did not significantly differ between our SB and PPV study groups, preoperatively observed PVR per se should therefore not be related to the increased reoperation rate observed in our SB group.

Also, intravitreal hemorrhage has been considered as a high-risk factor related to reoperation rate.¹⁹ In our study, VH was diagnosed significantly more often in eyes operated with PPV than in SB eyes, which would not explain the fact that prognosis as regards the reoperation rate was worse in SB eyes as compared to PPV eyes. Therefore, VH does not seem to affect the reoperation rate in our study. Neither is the reoperation rate directly associated with involved detached retinal quadrants. Interestingly, in our study, pseudophakic RRD eyes operated with PPV had more extensive detachments to start with (ie, total area of involved retinal quadrants was larger), but these eyes had better postoperative outcome and were reoperated less often than SB eyes. Previously, it has been postulated that the intact lens provides a physical barrier for transmission of inflammatory cytokines from the anterior chamber to the vitreous cavity reducing thus the risk of redetachment.²⁰ Neither can the reoperations be related to duration of surgical procedure, as the eyes operated with PPV in our study had longer duration of surgery but better postoperative prognosis.

Based on our study results, we think that cryotherapy used in SB eyes could cause more changes in retinal tissue microarchitecture than laser in PPV eyes. Cryotherapy could increase local vitreous-related biochemical factors such as various growth factors, extracellular matrix proteolytic factors, and other factors contributing thus to breakdown of blood–retinal barrier and PVR development in eyes.^21,22 During microincisional valved PPV procedure, more complex removal of PVR-causing RPE cells and clumps as well as removal of the irregular and rolled edges of the retinal break(s) can be accomplished. More complete removal of these PVR-causing cells (RPE cells, glial cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, erythrocytes), the cytokines (interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interferon gamma, angiopoietin-2, transforming growth factor-β1), and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 diminishes PVR process^17,22,23 and decreases the reoperation rate in vitrectomized eyes compared with SB-operated eyes.

Additional use of cryotherapy per se could also be related to higher risk of reoperations in SB eyes^24–26 by inducing more inflammation and contraction in the SB-treated eyes than endolaser treatment in the PPV eyes. Moreover, loss of vitreous during external drainage of subretinal fluid and incarceration of vitreous to the external drainage sclerotomy can cause additional traction and lead to secondary hole/break formation in SB eyes. Perioperatively undetected retinal holes may also play a role in higher redetachment rate in SB-operated eyes. Detection of holes might, however, be improved if extra chandelier light is used during the SB procedure.²⁷ Lower reoperation rate in PPV eyes can also be associated with transconjunctival vitrectomies that are known to reduce the surgical trauma and postoperative inflammation.^28,29

The major limitation of our study was its retrospective and register-based design with limited postoperative follow-up. Therefore, intraoperative complications arising from surgery (such as type and number of iatrogenic breaks, subretinal hemorrhage, passage of liquid perfluorocarbon to the subretinal space, perforation of sclera/choroid) were not available for analysis. Another major limitation was that the operations were not done by the same vitreoretinal surgeon. Notably, our department is the highest-volume ophthalmic vitreoretinal department in Finland, and all the acute-onset emergency patients with RRD in the whole of Finland during the weekends can be operated in our hospital. Therefore, we consider that the criteria for choosing the type of SB or PPV operation were generally well established among experienced VR surgeons and in compliance with the recommended guidelines,² diminishing the surgeon-related confounding effects. In our center, we prefer to perform the SB surgery for young, phakic patients with attached hyaloid, clear media, and proper identification of retinal hole(s)/break(s) and/or tears. However, when the RRD case is more complicated (pseudophakic RRD, VH, multiple breaks, posterior and/or large breaks), we tend to perform primary PPV. Another limitation of our study is the heterogeneous nature of the study population with no age-or gender-matching between our study groups that cannot be overcome in real-world clinical studies.

During our study, the economic aspects did not affect the decision-making of the surgical process. The VR surgeons were able to choose whatever instrumentation was considered the best choice for the individual patient. Therefore, our results might not be generalized to other kinds of health care systems around the world, where the patient might pay for the treatment by himself/herself or where hospital-related resources are more limited.

The strength of our study is that we analyzed all consecutive primary RRD eyes operated in our tertiary institution within 1 year. Our RRD study eyes represented mostly cases with acute onset, with inflammation and cell proliferation phases being activated in less than 1-week duration.³⁰ Including more complicated RRD eyes with longer duration might surely have affected our study results. In addition to improved surgical technology, improving postsurgical prognosis of RRD eyes also demands deeper understanding of the biochemical signaling mechanisms associated with intraocular fibrosis-related tissue repair mechanisms.³¹ In the future, search for potential biomarkers, that is, differentially expressed proteins linked to RRD inflammatory pathways, might provide us with knowledge that might help in monitoring and predicting the development of the RRD in eyes with or without preoperative PVR disease.^28,29 Prospective randomized studies are needed to answer these open questions more accurately.

Conclusion

RRD eyes operated with primary PPV had higher anatomic success rates within 180 days as compared with SB eyes, despite the fact that PPV eyes had more complicated RRD to start with (VH, extent of RD, IOL) as compared with less complicated RRD in SB eyes. In our study, the patients in the SB group were younger, healthier, had smaller RRD area, less often had intravitreal hemorrhage, and had better initial preoperative BCVA. Despite these facts, they experienced more retinal redetachments postoperatively. Benefits and disadvantages between SB and PPV treatment modalities should be case-specifically considered in primary RRD.

Abbreviations

AL

axial length

ASA

American Society of Anesthesiologists

BCVA

best-corrected visual acuity

CF

counting fingers

HM

hand motion

ILM

internal limiting membrane

IOL

intraocular lens

IOP

intraocular pressure

logMAR

logarithm of minimum angle of resolution

LP

light perception

NLP

no light perception

PPV

pars plana vitrectomy

PVR

proliferative vitreoretinopathy

RD

retinal detachment

RPE

retinal pigment epithelial

RRD

rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

SB

scleral buckling

VA

visual acuity

VH

vitreous hemorrhage