Table 2.
Validation of CADx systems
| Reference | Ground truth on the histology |
Candidate on MR image | Image Registration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chan et al. (2003)[122] |
Biopsy | MO | NA |
| Puech et al. (2007)[39] |
Needle biopsy or prostatectomy |
MO | NA |
| Tiwari et al. (2007) [54] |
Biopsy | Sextant location determined
by radiologist |
NA |
| Vos et al. (2008)[36] |
WMHS+ MO | MO | 3D rendering mode |
| Viswanath et al.(2008)[140] |
WMHS+ MO | MANTRA | Multimodal image registration |
| Viswanath et al.(2009)[129] |
WMHS | MANTRA | Multimodal image registration |
| Vos et al.(2009)[37] | WMHS | Not specified | Not specified |
| Liu et al.(2009)[141] |
WMHS+ MO | MO +ex vivo MRI | Manual |
| Tiwari et al.(2009)[55] |
WMHS+ sextant boundaries |
A joint review session of trial imagers and pathologists |
NA |
| Artan et al.(2010)[142] |
WMHS+ MO | Tumor location is transferred to the in vivo MRI from histologic images +ex vivo MRI |
NA |
| Vos et al.(2010)[143] |
WMHS+ MO | MO | Mutual information registration |
| Viswanath et al.(2011)[144] |
WMHS+ MO | Registration from
histologic images |
MACMI |
| Lopes et al.(2011)[145] |
WMHS+ drawn by urologists |
Drawn by urologists | manual correspondence |
| Liu and Yetik (2011)[26] |
WMHS+ MO | MO +ex vivo MRI | Manual registration |
| Sung et al.(2011)[146] |
Radical prostatectomy+ MO |
The radiologist matched the pathologic slices with corresponding MRI |
NA |
| Tiwari et al.(2012)[56] |
WMHS | MO +ex vivo MRI | Manual registration |
| Viswanath et al.(2012)[22] |
WMHS+MO | Registration from
histologic images |
Multimodal Elastic Registration |
| Vos et al.(2012)[14] | Needle biopsy | Combining the findings
with, histopathology of MR-guided samples by radiologist. |
NA |
| Niaf et al.(2012)[18] |
WMHS+MO | MO | Manual registration |
| Artan et al.(2012)[147] |
WMHS+MO | MO +ex vivo MRI | Manual registration |
| Shah et al.(2012)[17] |
WMHS+MO | Not specified | PSM |
| Matulewicz et al.(2013)[57] |
WMHS+MO | MO | Manual registration |
| Hambrock et al.(2013)[13] |
WMHS+MO | MO | Manual registration |
| Tiwari et al.(2013)[148] |
WMHS+MO | MO | Manual registration |
| Peng et al. (2013)[27] |
WMHS | MO | Manual registration |
| Ginsburg et al.(2014)[149] |
WMHS+MO | Registration from
histologic images |
Nonlinear registration |
| Stember et al.(2014)[51] |
Needle biopsy | Not specified | NA |
| Niaf et al.(2014)[150] |
Prostatectomy+MO | MO | Manual registration |
| Garcia Molina et al.(2014)[16] |
Prostatectomy+MO | MO | Manual registration |
| Litjens et al.(2014)[62] |
Needle biopsy | Not specified | NA |
| Kwak et al.(2015)[52] |
Needle biopsy | Determined by radiologists | NA |
| Zhao et al.(2015)[151] |
Biopsy | MO | NA |
MO: manual outlined regions of lesions
MANTRA: multi-Attribute, non-initializing, texture reconstruction based ASM
MACMI: multi-attribute, higher order mutual information based elastic registration scheme
PSM: patient-specific molds
WMHS: whole mount histological sections
NA: no registration was used