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Autophagy is a multi-step process involving at least four main phases, which is controlled by more than 30 autophagy-related (Atg) proteins and mediated by two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, Atg12-Atg5 and Atg8/LC3: including the initiation, vesicle expansion and completion, maturation and fusion, and ultimate degradation of the membrane and its contents within the lysosomes.
