Table 1.
Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) as well as F- and p-values for training group comparisons for all pretest measures separately for the training groups and age groups.
| Training group |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 single task – bivalent stimuli | Group 2 with cue – univalent stimuli | Group 3 with cue – bivalent stimuli | Group 4 without cue – univalent stimuli | Group 5 without cue – bivalent stimuli | |||
| Age group | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F-value | p-value |
| Mixing costs (ms) | |||||||
| Younger | 125 (96) | 118 (98) | 113 (80) | 135 (137) | 122 (76) | 0.12 | 0.98 |
| Older | 282 (128) | 272 (144) | 271 (140) | 278 (149) | 268 (119) | 0.03 | 0.99 |
| Switching costs (ms) | |||||||
| Younger | 79 (53) | 77 (63) | 87 (53) | 93 (61) | 97 (57) | 0.37 | 0.83 |
| Older | 96 (106) | 106 (108) | 95 (59) | 108 (65) | 100 (84) | 0.80 | 0.99 |
| Counting span (% correct items) | |||||||
| Younger | 82 (9) | 82 (14) | 81 (13) | 82 (11) | 78 (12) | 0.44 | 0.79 |
| Older | 76 (15) | 72 (12) | 77 (17) | 74 (13) | 69 (11) | 1.03 | 0.40 |
| Reading span (% correct items) | |||||||
| Younger | 81 (10) | 76 (14) | 78 (13) | 76 (18) | 76 (15) | 0.23 | 0.92 |
| Older | 74 (14) | 73 (15) | 73 (14) | 77 (12) | 72 (16) | 0.55 | 0.70 |
| Digit backward (% correct items) | |||||||
| Younger | 36 (9) | 36 (7) | 36 (11) | 35 (11) | 36 (8) | 0.18 | 0.95 |
| Older | 30 (7) | 25 (12) | 26 (8) | 22 (9) | 29 (12) | 1.34 | 0.26 |
| 2-back (proportion of hits minus false alarms) | |||||||
| Younger | 0.50 (0.3) | 0.45 (0.33) | 0.41 (0.3) | 0.41 (0.3) | 0.58 (0.2) | 0.79 | 0.54 |
| Older | 0.41 (0.3) | 0.45 (0.3) | 0.40 (0.3) | 0.46 (0.3) | 0.46 (0.3) | 0.32 | 0.86 |
| Color–Stroop Interference (ms) | |||||||
| Younger | 38 (46) | 27 (57) | 13 (51) | 37 (32) | 27 (52) | 0.71 | 0.59 |
| Older | 121 (68) | 86 (67) | 72 (40) | 112 (140) | 111 (93) | 0.72 | 0.59 |
| Number–Stroop Interference (ms) | |||||||
| Younger | 13 (31) | 21 (44) | 36 (29) | 11 (37) | 27 (33) | 1.27 | 0.29 |
| Older | 6 (64) | 33 (57) | 4 (43) | 31 (46) | 48 (64) | 1.46 | 0.22 |
| AX–CPT Interference (ms) | |||||||
| Younger | 75 (63) | 80 (76) | 141 (101) | 120 (73) | 125 (108) | 1.84 | 0.13 |
| Older | 123 (117) | 132 (123) | 114 (100) | 129 (177) | 96 (251) | 0.13 | 0.97 |
| Raven (number correct items) | |||||||
| Younger | 11 (2.43) | 11 (3.19) | 11 (2.16) | 12 (2.37) | 12 (2.66) | 0.37 | 0.83 |
| Older | 5.3 (2.32) | 5.3 (2.22) | 5.3 (2.26) | 4.7 (2.68) | 4.9 (2.55) | 0.19 | 0.94 |