Table 1.

Locally made tools used in terrace farming in the hills and mountains of South Asia (Images courtesy of Lisa Smith, University of Guelph, can be re-used under the Creative Commons BY license).

Names	Purpose and Make	Power Source	Diagram/Photo
TOOLS FOR FIELD PREPARATION
Plogh	Ploghing tool made of wood, iron, or steel frame with an attached blade or stick used to cut the earth	Animate (Animal and Human)
Spade, Kodali	Digging tools made of wood (handle) and a wide sharp tip of metal; a shovel differs from a spade in the form and thickness of the blade	Human
Leveler	The plank of the leveler is made of wood, and the shafts made of bamboo, to level the field after ploghing	Animate (Animal and Human)
Hammer	The wooden hammer used to break the leftover clods after leveling	Human
TOOLS FOR INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
Rake	Rake is made of wood (handle), and the metal hard tines used to spread around mulch, dirt, or rocks	Human
Hand cultivator	Weeding/soil loosening tool for small areas	Human
Trowel	Digging tool to make small holes to plant seedling, normally used for transplanting	Human
Shovel	Tool to move material from a pie as a scoop, not for digging	Human
TOOLS FOR HARVESTING AND POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS
Sickle, Hansiya, Karaunti	Cutting/harvesting tools made of wood (handle) and un/serrated curved blade	Human
Winnower	Semi/circle structures made of bamboo to separate the grains from husk	Human
Sieve	Bamboo made tools to separate grains and align materials/dirt	Human
Bamboo Basket	Big bamboo basket (doko), and small bamboo basket (tokari), used to carry farmyard manure (FYM) and farm produce	Human
Hand mill	The base (grinder) is made of rock with a wooden/bamboo handle used to grind flour and pulses	Human
Sac	Made of jute or plastic, used to store the cleaned/processed farm produce	–