Box 2.

Unmet needs to be addressed by novel prostate cancer biomarkers.

1. Improved sensitivity and specificity: to facilitate more acceptable screening and distinguish prostate cancer from benign conditions. 2. Staging and prognosis: to distinguish clinically significant early-stage disease from non-aggressive indolent tumours. 3. Prediction of treatment response: to allow selection of optimal treatment options for patients, thereby reducing adverse effects in patients who may not elicit a response to therapy.