Table 3.
Differencea in mean Z-score by maternal HIV status [95% CI] as estimated by the linear mixed models
| Breast Feeding and Postpartum Health (BFPH) study | ||||||
| Age (weeks/median years) | Unadjusted | Adjustedb | ||||
| WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | |
| 1 week | 0.28 0.[09, 0.47] P < 0.01 | −0.07 [−0.34, 0.21] P = 0.64 | 0.44 [0.17, 0.72] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.10, 0.48] P < 0.01 | −0.06 [−0.33, 0.22] P = 0.68 | 0.46 [0.19, 0.73] P < 0.01 |
| 6 weeks | 0.47 [0.25, 0.69] P < 0.01 | 0.31 [0.01, 0.60] P = 0.04 | 0.42 [0.15, 0.69] P < 0.01 | 0.46 [0.25, 0.68] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.00, 0.59] P = 0.05 | 0.41 [0.14, 0.68] P < 0.01 |
| 16 weeks | 0.52 [0.28, 0.75] P < 0.01 | 0.31 [0.02, 0.61] P = 0.04 | 0.42 [0.16, 0.69] P < 0.01 | 0.51 [0.27, 0.75] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.00, 0.59] P = 0.05 | 0.42 [0.15, 0.68] P < 0.01 |
| ~2.7 years | 0.38 [0.02, 0.73] P = 0.04 | 0.76 [0.21, 1.32] P = 0.01 | −0.23 [−0.77, 0.31] P = 0.41 | 0.36 [0.01, 0.71] P = 0.04 | 0.74 [0.18, 1.29] P < 0.01 | −0.23 [−0.77, 0.31] P = 0.41 |
| ~11.6 years | - | 0.32 [−0.10, 0.75] P = 0.14 | −0.11 [−0.62, 0.40] P = 0.67 | - | 0.38 [−0.02, 0.77] P = 0.06 | −0.14 [−0.65, 0.37] P = 0.59 |
| Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition and Infection Study (CIGNIS) | ||||||
| Age (months/median years) | Unadjusted | Adjustedc | ||||
| WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | WAZ | L/HAZ | BAZ | |
| Birth | 0.19 [0.00, 0.38] P = 0.06 | - | - | 0.15 [−0.05, 0.34] P = 0.14 | - | - |
| 6 months | 0.35 [0.14, 0.56] P < 0.01 | 0.24 [0.06, 0.42] P = 0.01 | 0.28 [0.07, 0.48] P < 0.01 | 0.28 [0.07, 0.49] P < 0.01 | 0.17 [0.00, 0.35] P = 0.06 | 0.24 [0.03, 0.44] P = 0.02 |
| 9 months | 0.31 [0.10, 0.52] P < 0.01 | 0.26 [0.07, 0.45] P < 0.01 | 0.23 [0.02, 0.43] P = 0.03 | 0.25 [0.04, 0.45] P = 0.02 | 0.18 [0.00, 0.37] P = 0.05 | 0.19 [−0.01, 0.39] P = 0.07 |
| 12 months | 0.32 [0.11, 0.53] P < 0.01 | 0.29 [0.10, 0.48] P < 0.01 | 0.20 [−0.01, 0.41] P = 0.06 | 0.22 [0.01, 0.42] P = 0.04 | 0.20 [0.02, 0.39] P = 0.03 | 0.13 [−0.07, 0.33] P = 0.21 |
| 15 months | 0.36 [0.15, 0.57] P < 0.01 | 0.31 [0.12, 0.51] P < 0.01 | 0.23 [0.03, 0.42] P = 0.02 | 0.24 [0.03, 0.44] P = 0.02 | 0.20 [0.02, 0.39] P = 0.03 | 0.15 [−0.04, 0.34] P = 0.13 |
| 18 months | 0.32 [0.11, 0.53] P < 0.01 | 0.39 [0.19, 0.59] P < 0.01 | 0.11 [−0.08, 0.30] P = 0.27 | 0.20 [−0.01, 0.40] P = 0.06 | 0.24 [0.06, 0.43] P = 0.01 | 0.05 [−0.14, 0.25] P = 0.58 |
| ~7.5 years | 0.27 [0.02, 0.52] P = 0.03 | 0.05 [−0.15, 0.25] P = 0.63 | 0.41 [0.13, 0.70] P < 0.01 | 0.15 [−0.09, 0.39] P = 0.22 | −0.03 [−0.23, 0.16] P = 0.75 | 0.31 [0.03, 0.59] P = 0.03 |
WAZ weight-for-age Z-score, L/HAZ length/height-for-age Z-score, BAZ BMI-for-age Z-score, HEU HIV-exposed uninfected, HUU HIV-unexposed, uninfected
Sample sizes: BFPH - 1 week: WAZ - 207 HUU, 200 HEU; L/HAZ – 174 HUU, 171 HEU; BAZ – 174 HUU, 171 HEU; 6 weeks: WAZ – 178 HUU, 173 HEU; L/HAZ – 178 HUU, 174 HEU; BAZ – 178 HUU, 173 HEU; 16 weeks: WAZ – 175 HUU, 168 HEU; BAZ – 174 HUU, 168 HEU; ~2.7 years: WAZ – 107 HUU, 98 HEU; L/HAZ – 107 HUU, 98 HEU; BAZ – 107 HUU, 98 HEU; ~11.6 years: WAZ – 33 HUU, 33 HEU; L/HAZ – 33 HUU, 33 HEU, BAZ – 33 HUU, 33 HEU CIGNIS - Birth: WAZ – 574 HUU, 163 HEU; 6 months: WAZ – 580 HUU, 165 HEU; L/HAZ – 580 HUU, 165 HEU; BAZ – 580 HUU, 165 HEU; 9 months: WAZ – 506 HUU, 152 HEU; L/HAZ – 506 HUU, 152 HEU; BAZ – 506 HUU, 152 HEU; 12 months: WAZ - 470 HUU; 152 HEU; L/HAZ – 469 HUU; 151 HEU; BAZ – 469 HUU, 151 HEU; 15 months: WAZ – 446 HUU; 144 HEU; L/HAZ - 445 HUU; 142 HEU; BAZ – 445 HUU; 142 HEU; 18 months: WAZ – 446 HUU, 144 HEU; L/HAZ – 445 HUU, 141 HEU; BAZ – 445 HUU, 141 HEU; ~7.5 years: WAZ – 247 HUU; 79 HEU; L/HAZ – 247 HUU; 79 HEU; BAZ – 247 HUU, 79 HEU
aHUU mean Z-scores minus HEU mean Z-scores
bAdjusted for maternal education (primary, secondary, tertiary) and housing density (high, medium, low)
cAdjusted for maternal education (primary or less, secondary, tertiary) and socioeconomic group (low, middle, high)