Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Sample (treatment / control) |
Age | Gender (male/female) |
TBSA(A) % (range) |
Procedure | Interventions | Duration of music | Measurement tools(D) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Technique(B) | Music | Selection | Intervention description(C) |
Control | Other | ||||||||
| Miller et al. (1992) [43] | 17 (9/8) | 40.9/27.8 (mean treatment/control) | 16 M, 1 F | 1–39% | Dressing change | Muralvision | Recorded music | Investigator-selected music | ①③ | Placebo effect | Medication | During procedure | MGPQ, STAI |
| Robb et al. (1995) [28] | 20 (10/10) | 8–20 | N/A | N/A | During preoperative period | MAR | Recorded music | Self-selected music | ①②③④ | Usual care | Medication | Before and during procedure | STAIC |
| Fratianne et al. (2001) [26] | 25 | 7–83 | 16 M, 9 F | 1–43% | Debridement | MBI & MAE | Live music | Patient’s preferred music | ①②③④⑤ | Usual care | Medication | Before, during and after procedure | WBFRS, VAS, TOMRI |
| Haythronthwaite et al. (2001) [44] | 42 | 43.6 (mean) | 32 M, 10 F | 3–65% | Dressing change | Music distraction | Recorded music | Self-selected music | ①③⑤ | Sensory focusing, usual care | Medication | 20 min before and during procedure | 11-LS, BDI, Burn-CSQ |
| Ferguson et al. (2004) [4] | 11 (5/6) | 18–75 | 8 M, 3 F | 7–50% | Range of motion | Music relaxation | Recorded music | Self-selected music | ①⑤ | Usual care | Exercise | During procedure | VAS, STAIC, H-PCMS |
| Chen Shujuan et al. (2005) [39] | 40 (20/20) | 23–54 | 40 M | 12–49% | Debridement process | Music medicine | Recorded music | Investigator-selected music | ①③ | Usual care | No | Twice a day for 30 min each time; 30 days for a course of treatment | HAMA, HRSD |
| Whitehead-Pleaux et al. (2006) [29] | 14 (8/6) | 6–16 | 5 M, 9 F | N/A | Dressing change | Music therapy | Live music | Self-selected music | ①②③④ | Verbal interaction | No | During procedure | NAPI, WBFRS, FT |
| Lin Huiting et al. (2007) [36] | 40 (20/20) | 20–55 | 40 M | 13–50% | Debridement process | Music medicine | Recorded music | Patient’s preferred music | ①⑤ | Usual care | No | During procedure | VAS |
| Tan et al. (2010) [24] | 29 | 8–71 | 24 M, 5 F | 3–40% | Debridement process | MBI & MAE | Live music and recorded music | Patients’ music preferences | ①②③④⑤ | Usual care | Medication | Before, during and after procedure | VAS, MTIS |
| Liu Chenyuan et al. (2010) [22] | 120 (60/60) | 8–86 | 69 M, 51 F | N/A | Dressing change | Music medicine | Recorded music | Patient’s preferred music | ①④ | Usual care | No | 20 min before and during procedure | VAS, STAI |
| Liang Wanling et al. (2010) [42] | 62 (31/31) | 17–50 | 45 M, 17 F | N/A | Isolation area | Music medicine | Recorded music | Self-selected music by patient/ family | ①③ | Usual care | No | Patient-selected music played for 1 h at 7:00 and 17:00 | SAS, SDS |
| Yang Yong (2011) [38] | 46 (23/23) | 36 (mean) | 26 M, 20 F | N/A | During hospitalization | Music medicine | Recorded music | Self-selected music from list | ①③④ | Usual care | No | Twice a day for 20–30 min each time | VAS, SDS |
| Zhang Qian et al. (2012) [23] | 60 (30/30) | 19–50 | 29 M, 31 F | 4–5% | Cold therapy | Music medicine | Recorded music | Investigator-selected music | ①⑤ | Usual care | Cryotherapy | During procedure | VAS, STAI |
| Jiang Mingzhu (2013) [41] | 64 (32/32) | 19–63 | 43 M, 21 F | Ocular | During hospitalization | Music medicine | Recorded music | Investigator-selected music | ①③ | Usual care | No | At 9:00 and 15:00 each day for 30–60 min each time | SAS |
| Ren Yue et al. (2014) [37] | 72 (36/36) | N/A | N/A | 20–60% | Dressing change | Music medicine | Recorded music | Nurse-selected music | ①⑤ | Usual care | Medication | 15 min before and during procedure | SAS |
| Zhou Tao (2014) [40] | 42 (21/21) | 47.2/45.1 (mean treatment/control) | 23 M, 19 F | N/A | Daily nursing care | Music medicine | Recorded music | Investigator-selected music | ①③④ | Usual care | No | Before and during procedure | SAS, SDS |
| Najafi et al. (2015) [25] | 100 (50/50) | 31.08/31.18 (mean treatment/control) | 62 M, 38 F | 6–48% | During hospitalization | Music intervention | Recorded music | Patient’s preferred music | ①③⑤ | Usual care | Medication | Music intervention was offered once a day (20 min) for 3 consecutive days | VAS |
Abbreviations: MGPQ McGill Pain Questionnaire (including PPI and PRI; PPI Present pain intensity, PRI Pain rating index), WBFRS Wong/Baker Faces Rating Scale, NAPI The Nursing Assessment of Pain Index, STAI The Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, BDI The Beck Depression Inventory, VAS Visual analog scale, HAMA Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HRSD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 11-LS 11-point Likert scales, STAIC The State-Trait Anxiety Index for Children, FT The Fear Thermometer, TOMRI Trippett Objective Muscle Relaxation Inventory, MTIS The Muscle Tension Inventory Scale, H-PCMS Hewlett-Packard Component Monitoring System, SAS Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, SDS Self-Rating Depression Scale
(A) TBSA: Total body surface area. (B) Techniques. Muralvision: A distraction-relaxation music therapy technique combining video or pictures with music for distraction. MAR (music-assisted relaxation): This method includes music listening, deep diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and imagery. MBI (music-based imagery): The MBI component occurred in the patient’s room for 15 to 30 min before and after the procedure and provided relaxing and safe experiences to the patient through music listening. MAE (musical alternate engagement): The MAE intervention was used to provide more physically engaging activities and participatory musical tasks during dressing changes in the treatment area. (C) Intervention description①Music intervention form (music medicine or operational process);②Technique introduction (if the techniques of music intervention has been introduced or not); ③Procedure description (Start time, End time, operational process); ④Materials and Settings (Instruments, stereo equipment, environment); ⑤Music characteristics (style, genre, tempo, volume, et al.). (D) Measurement tools