Fig. 2.

Aortic 3D blood flow characteristics (systolic streamlines). Panel b represents systolic streamline visualization of a normal aorta from a healthy control. Panels a, c and d illustrate typical secondary flow patterns in Marfan syndrome patients during systole, like a helix flow pattern from the aortic root into the pAAo (a, grade 2) and vortex and helix flow patterns in the pDAo (c, grade 2). d prominent vortex flow patterns in the aortic root