Fig. 1.

Map of Western Europe showing the putative historical range of Lowland wisent (shaded green) and Caucasian wisent (shaded grey) based on bone remains and written records (according to Benecke 2005; Kuemmerle et al. 2011; Tokarska et al. 2011; Bocherens et al. 2015) and sample locations. Black circles indicate contemporary free-ranging modern L line herds and white circles indicate modern LC line herds. Purple and peach circles denote the locations of investigated modern L (MdL1, MdL2) and LC (MdLC) line wisent, respectively, orange squares show the location of the Holocene Lowland wisent (Bb1–3) and blue and yellow triangles indicate historical founding wisent from the Pszczyna population (PLANTA and PLATEN) and the extinct Caucasian wisent (Cc1–3), respectively.