Table 1.
Basic Information about Sampled Individuals.
| Sample Code | Sample Name | Taxon | Group | Sample Location | Sample Origin | Tissue Type | Year of Death*/ Radiocarbon Age | Water Buffalo nDNA Mapping Coverage/ mtDNA Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MdL1 | Z3 | Bison bonasus | Modern Lowland line (L) | Białowieża Forest, Polish part, Poland | Kidney | 2006 | 1.59 (n) | |
| MdL2 | 868 | Białowieża Forest, Belarusian part, Belarus | Muscles | 2009 | 1.63 (n) | |||
| MdLC | Dy | Modern Lowland-Caucasian line (LC) | Dydiowa, Bieszczady Mountains, Poland | Muscles | 2012 | 1.49 (n) | ||
| PLANTA | F42 PLANTA | Bison b. bonasus | Founders | Pszczyna, Poland | Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Poland | Horns | 1931 | 1.50 (n) |
| PLATEN | M158 PLATEN | 1933 | 1.39 (n) | |||||
| Cc1 | 8853 | Bison b. caucasicus | Caucasian wisent | Kuban Oblast, Russia | Zoological Institute RAS, Sankt Petersburg, Russia | Skull bones | 1911* | 1.07 (n) |
| Cc2 | 22533 | North Ossetia-Alania, Russia | State Darwin Museum, Moscow, Russia | 1949* | 0.92 (n) | |||
| Cc3 | AF005 | Holocene Caucasian wisent | Sevan Lake region, Armenia | Horn core | 14C: 4972±29 | 58.10 (mt) | ||
| OxA-31935 | ||||||||
| 5724–5657 | ||||||||
| Bb1 | BS587 | Bison b. bonasus | Holocene Lowland wisent | Styria, Austria | VMNH H-1981-28-6 | Tibia | 14C: 1480±70 | 115.56 (mt) |
| VERA 0145 | ||||||||
| 1511–1302 | ||||||||
| Bb2 | BS589 | VMNH H-1977-49-1 | Femur | 14C: 1980±45 | 165.75 (mt) | |||
| VERA 0142 | ||||||||
| 1987–1886 | ||||||||
| Bb3 | BS607 | Upper Austria, Austria | VMNH H-1979-48-1 | Femur | 14C: 1370±50 | 14.10 (mt) | ||
| VERA 0143 | ||||||||
| 1338-1265 |
Note.—The last column is the average coverage for each sample after mapping it to either the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) nuclear reference genome (GenBank accession no. GCA_000471725.1) or the American bison (Bison bison) mitochondrial reference genome (GenBank accession no. NC_012346.1).
*
For Caucasian individuals (Cc1, Cc2) year of collecting the sample is given. VNHM, Vienna Museum of Natural History. n; nuclear, mt; mitochondrial. Radiocarbon dates include the 14C age (years before present; yr BP), 14C accession (where known), and calibrated age BP (1σ). Calibrated dates follow the IntCal13 calibration curve.