Table 1. Basic characteristics of diabetes patients and controls.

Characteristics		Case	Control	p-value
Demographic
Number		319	387
Gender				0.258
female		143	190
male		176	197
Age(year)	( mean ± SD)	58.89±12.01	57.05±8.25	0.021*
Clinical
BMI, kg/m2	(mean ± SD)	24.92±3.44
Duration of diabetes(year)	(mean ± SD)	9.37±7.76
Fasting glucose(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	9.82±4.53
Complication	Negative	84
	Positive	235
Smoker	Negative	221
	Positive	98
Drinker	Negative	266
	Positive	53
Biochemical
HbA1c(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	9.25±2.33
Total cholesterol(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	4.64±1.27
Triglycerides(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	2.53±2.21
LDL cholesterol(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	2.78±0.91
HDL cholesterol(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	1.20±0.53
Urea(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	6.27±2.38
Cr(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	65.47±28.32
Cys-c(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	0.87±0.42
GFR(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	123.70±34.18
CP(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	1.40±1.48
INS(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	18.73±17.48
UCRP(mmol/L)	(mean ± SD)	0.52±1.14
Medications
Hypoglycemic drugs	Negative	194
	Positive	125
Patients on insulin therapy	Negative	156
	Positive	163

p < 0.05 indicates statistical significance;

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD;

Comparisons between groups were performed using ANOVA for continuous variables and x²test for categorical variables.