Age of Y. pestis. sSNPs were identified by pairwise genome comparisons between 91001 (0.PE4), CO92 (1.ORI), and KIM (2.MED). For each sSNP, one of the alternative nucleotides is present at the corresponding position within the genome of Y. pseudotuberculosis strain IP32953. sSNPs on branch 0 (Table 4) were identical in IP32953 and 91001 and also identical in KIM and CO92, but differed between these pairs. Other sSNPs were unique to the branches, as indicated. To calculate ages, the number of sSNPs was divided by the 777,520 potential sSNPs within the 3,250 homologous gene pairs, and that distance was then divided by the molecular clock rate of 3.4 × 10-9 per year.