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. 2016 Nov 4;132(1):13–66. doi: 10.1007/s11120-016-0318-y

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 6 — Illustration of the difference between F _O and DF. Following absorption of a photon the excitation energy may be lost in the antenna and re-emitted as fluorescence (F _O). The excitation energy may induce a charge separation, which may be followed by electron transfer to Q _A or a recombination reaction. In the latter case the energy may again be lost as fluorescence (F _O). Emission occurs at subnanosecond times following excitation. Fluorescence emission induced by recombination between Q ⁻_A and the PSII donor side leads to a delay in the emission time with the fluorescence emission occurring ~40 µs or longer following excitation and is called delayed fluorescence (DF) (Goltsev, unpublished data)