Table 3.
Potential Infectious and Non-infectious Pathogenic Agents Considered for Inclusion in the Smooth Snake DRA as Hazards (Reproduction Permission Masters and Sainsbury 2011).
| Potential hazard | Type of Parasite | Hazard type |
|---|---|---|
| Ophidian Paramyxovirus (OPMV) | Virus | Carrier and transport |
| Adenoviruses | Virus | Carrier and transport |
| Iridoviruses (Snake Erythrocyte Virus (SEV) and ranavirus) | Virus | Carrier and transport |
| Reoviruses | Virus | Carrier and transport |
| Other viruses (Inclusion Body Disease virus retrovirus (IBD), herpesviruses, parvoviruses, retroviruses (other than IBD), caliciviruses, picornaviruses and ‘arboviruses’ including flaviviruses and togaviruses) | Virus | Not a hazard |
| Gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Eschericia coli, Citrobacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Flavobacter sp., Providencia sp., Serratia sp., Morganella sp., Salmonella sp.) | Bacteria | Carrier and transport |
| Salmonella sp. | Bacterium | Zoonotic |
| Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MOTT) (especially M. marinum) | Bacterium | Destination and zoonotic |
| Chlamydia sp. (especially C. pneumoniae) | Bacterium | Carrier, transport and zoonotic |
| Coxiella burnetii | Bacterium | Carrier and zoonotic |
| Other Bacteria (Leptospira sp., and Mycoplasma sp.) | Bacteria | Not a hazard |
| Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) | Fungus | Transport and zoonotic |
| Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Fusarium sp. | Fungi | Destination |
| Candida sp. | Fungus | Carrier |
| Other fungi (Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon sp., Dermatophytes and Microsporidia) | Fungi | Not a hazard |
| Cryptosporidium serpentis | Protozoa | Carrier and transport |
| Entamoeba invadens | Protozoa | Transport |
| Other protozoa (Eimeria sp., Sarcocystis sp., Flagellates, Plasmodium sp. and Haemoproteus sp.) | Protozoa | Not a hazard |
| Haemogregarines (especially Hepatozoon sp.) | Haemoparasite | Carrier |
| Nematodes of Ascaroidea superfamily, Diaphanocephaloidea superfamily (especially Kalicephalus sp.), Rhabitoidea superfamily (especially Rhabdius sp. and Strongyloides sp.) and Acanthocephala | Helminths | Carrier |
| Other Helminths [Cestodes (Orders Pseudophyllidae, Proteocephalidae, Cyclophyllidae), Trematodes (Digenetic families Ocheotosomatidae and Plagiorchiidae, and the family Dipostomatidae) and Nematodes (e.g. Filaroidea superfamily)] | Helminths | Not a hazard |
| Pentastomids | Crustacea | Transport and carrier and zoonotic |
| Mites (especially Ophionyssus natricis) | Ectoparasites | Carrier and transport |
| Other ectoparasites (Acari and Diptera) | Ectoparasites | Not a hazard |
| Agricultural chemicals | Toxin | Not a hazard |