Table 4.

Adjusted Odds Ratios for the Association Between Fuel and Stove Type, Cooking Location, & Primary Cooks’ Health Outcomes in the Past 12 Months (Respiratory Symptoms)^a,^b,^c.

Variables	Difficulty breathing when cough and phlegm gets worse	Cough and phlegm gets worse	Night phlegm	Morning phlegm	Persistent phlegm	Persistent cough
Fuel type
High-quality Firewood	1.00 (0.16, 6.44)	1.83 (0.53, 6.31)	2.93 (0.71, 12.12)	1.55 (0.50, 4.79)	0.31★ (0.08, 1.19)	0.72 (0.28, 1.88)
Low-quality Firewood	1.00 (0.14, 6.91)	2.99 (0.772, 11.54)	5.39★★ (1.06, 27.45)	2.04 (0.59, 7.11)	0.37 (0.07, 1.88)	0.69 (0.24, 1.98)
Crop residue	2.02 (0.19, 21.31)	3.19 (0.46, 21.94)	11.59★★ (1.38, 97.31)	1.39 (0.13, 15.38)	0.38 (0.03, 4.87)	1.20 (0.28, 5.22)
Traditional stove	1.99 (0.4, 9.67)	0.88 (0.33, 2.33)	0.70 (0.20, 2.43)	0.87 (0.36, 2.09)	2.25 (0.56, 9.08)	0.78 (0.36, 1.71)
Cooking location
Partially outdoors	1.30 (0.46, 3.64)	1.48 (0.73, 2.99)	0.79 (0.39, 1.58)	1.11 (0.57, 2.16)	1.67 (0.44, 6.43)	0.87 (0.38, 2.02)
Fully indoors	0.84 (0.38, 1.88)	0.93 (0.48, 1.80)	0.59 (0.29, 1.21)	0.88 (0.43, 1.80)	1.20 (0.38, 3.82)	1.01 (0.52, 1.98)
Rural location	1.40 (0.36, 5.46)	0.66 (0.25, 1.76)	0.13★★★ (0.04, 0.39)	0.45★ (0.17, 1.16)	4.61★★★ (1.79, 11.86)	5.12★★★ (2.45, 10.70)
Observations	655	655	655	655	655	655

95% confidence intervals in parentheses. Regression estimates were adjusted for age of cook, education level of cook, garbage burning by primary cook, minutes per day spent by primary cook walking on tarmac roads, household size, household size squared, number of household assets, and household ownership of biomass burning industry.

^★★★P < 0.01,

^★★P < 0.05,

^★P < 0.1.

^aCharcoal is the referent category for fuel type.

^bFully outdoor cooking is the referent category for cooking location.

^cNo education is the referent category for education level of cook.