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. 2016 Dec 6;4(23):e13048. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13048

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© 2016 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Examples of 30‐Hz optical stimulation of the medial septum and corresponding influence over hippocampal oscillations in regions CA1 and CA3 while the rat explores a novel environment: (A) Raw EEG signal and spectrogram (top and bottom of each subsection) corresponding to approximately 20 sec of 30‐Hz yellow light control stimulation of the medial septum (MS) (bottom), as well as regions CA3 (middle) and CA1 (top) of the dorsal hippocampus. The control stimulation does not cause a perceptible change in the oscillatory activity of either brain region, either at 30 Hz or within the theta range; (B) Sample of approximately 20 sec in which 30‐Hz blue light stimulation in the MS induces a strong 30‐Hz oscillation in the MS as well as corresponding 30‐Hz oscillations in CA1 and CA3 while exploring an additional novel environment.