Figure 7. Host factors involved in LAP-targeting of LdCVs.

(A) Diagram showing proposed pathway of DAG formation on bacterial phagosomes using the host enzymes phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP). DAG is recognized by protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates an essential component of NADPH oxidases and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Pharmacological inhibitors are shown in red. (B) Quantification of single phagosome analysis of LC3-recruitment to L. dumoffii-containing vacuoles in THP-1 cells at 3 hours post-infection. Cells were treated with growth media containing DMSO, DPI (10 μM), DGK inhibitor R59 022 (10 μM), SP600125 (20 μM), tert-butanol (negative control), 1-butanol or propranolol hydrochloride (250 μM) at the point of infection and were maintained throughout the experiment. Data are average of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. In all relevant experiments, significance was determined using the two-tailed Student’s t-test.