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. 2017 Mar 20;7:44795. doi: 10.1038/srep44795

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(A) THP-1 cells were infected with a L. pneumophila strain lacking ravZ or a wild-type L. dumoffii which does not encode ravZ for 3 hours. LC3 was stained with LC3 antibodies. Bacteria were visualized with DAPI-staining (white arrows). (B) Quantification of LC3-association on ΔravZ LpCVs and LdCVs. (C) THP-1 cells were infected with a wild-type L. dumoffii having a pMMB207-derived plasmid expressing L. pneumophila ravZ or its catalytic mutant ravZC258A for 3 hours. LC3-associated LdCVs were quantified as in (B). Significance of the results was determined using the two-tailed Student’s t-test; **p < 0.01, *p < 0.03.