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. 2017 Mar 23;2(6):e91863. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.91863

Figure 3. Effect of increased brain insulin signaling on hepatic glucose production during hyperinsulinemia.

Figure 3

Insulin was elevated 6-fold by portal vein insulin infusion in conscious dogs in the INS control (n = 6) and brain insulin–block (INS-BRAIN, n = 9) groups. In the latter, a PI3-kinase inhibitor or insulin receptor antagonist was infused into the third ventricle to block an increase in brain insulin signaling. (A) Arterial and hepatic sinusoidal plasma insulin levels. (B) Arterial plasma glucose levels and peripheral glucose infusion rate. (C) Arterial plasma C-peptide and hepatic sinusoidal plasma glucagon levels. (D) Arterial plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels and net hepatic FFA uptake. (E) Arterial blood glycerol levels and net glycerol hepatic uptake. (F) Arterial blood lactate levels and net hepatic lactate uptake. (G) Intrahepatic gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic fluxes. (H) Net hepatic glucose balance and hepatic glucose production. Values are means ± SEM. ICV, intracerebroventricular.