Table 2.
Clinical and molecular HCC risk indicators.
| Risk score | Etiology of liver disease |
Outcome assessed | Variables / molecular marker | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Clinical scores |
||||
| Biselli et al | HBV, HCV, alcohol, other |
Presence of HCC | Baseline AFP and change over time |
[73] |
| El-Serag et al | HCV | HCC incidence | AFP, ALT, platelets, and age | [74] |
| Hung et al | HBV | 10-year HCC risk | Sex, Age, ALT, previous liver disease, history of HCC, smoking, status of HBV/HCV infection |
[75] |
| ADRESS- HCC |
HCV, Alcohol, NASH, HBV, Other |
1-year HCC risk | Age, diabetes, race, etiology of cirrhosis, sex, and severity of liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh score) |
[76] |
| Velazquez et al | Alcohol, HCV, HBV, Other |
4-year HCC risk | Age, anti-HCV positive, prothrombin time and platelet count |
[77] |
| UM regression model |
HCV, Cryptogenic, Alcohol, Other |
3 and 5-year HCC risk | AFP and gender | [78] |
| GAG-HCC | HBV | 5 and 10-year HCC risk | Age, gender, HBV DNA, core promoter mutations, cirrhosis |
[79] |
| CU-HCC | HBV | 5-year HCC risk | Age, albumin, bilirubin, HBV DNA, and cirrhosis |
[80] |
| LSM-HCC | HBV | 3 and 5-year HCC risk | Liver stiffness, age, albumin, HBV DNA |
[81] |
| REACH-B | HBV |
3, 5 and 10-year HCC risk |
Sex, age, ALT, HBeAg status, and serum HBV DNA level |
[82] |
| Risk index | HCV after SVR |
Incidence of HCC | Age, AST, platelet count | [83] |
| scoreHCC | HCV after SVR |
Incidence of HCC | Age, AFP level, low platelets and advanced fibrosis |
[84] |
| Chang et al | HCV after therapy |
5-year HCC risk | Age, male sex, AFP level, low platelet, advanced fibrosis, HCV genotype 1b and non SVR |
[85] |
| El-Serag et al | HCV | Incidence of HCC | AFP, ALT, platelets, interaction terms, and age |
[74] |
| HALT-C model |
HCV | 5-year HCC risk | Age, race, Alkaline phosphatase, esophageal varices, ever smoked, and platelet count |
[86] |
| REVEAL- HCV |
HCV | 5-year HCC risk | Age, ALT, AST/ALT ratio, HCV RNA, cirrhosis and HCV genotype |
[87] |
| Liver stiffness measurement |
HBV | 5-year HCC risk | Liver stiffness measurement | [88] |
| FIB-4 | HBV | Incidence of HCC | FIB-4 (AST, ALT, platelets, age) |
[89] |
|
Molecular scores |
||||
| 186-gene signature |
HCV |
Overall death, Progression to advanced cirrhosis, HCC |
186-gene signature | [47,48] |
| HIR gene signature 65-gene signature |
HBV |
223-gene sig: late HCC recurrence, 65-gene sig: early HCC recurrence |
223 (HIR) & 65-gene signature | [90] |
| Activated HSC gene signature |
HBV |
HCC recurrence and survival |
37-gene signature | [91] |
| EGF SNP | HCV | 6-year HCC risk | EGF 61*G (rs4444903) | [45] |
| PNPLA3 SNP | Alcohol, HCV |
6-year HCC risk | PNPLA3 444*G (rs738409) | [92] |
| MPO SNP | HCV | HCC risk | MPO -463*G (rs2333227) | [46] |
| CAT SNP | HCV | HCC risk | CAT -262*C (rs1001179) | [46] |
| HFE SNP | Alcohol, HCV |
HCC risk | HFE C282Y (rs1800562) | [93] |
HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIR, hepatic injury and regeneration; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; SVR, sustained virological response