Table 2.
Night-fasting intervals |
Eating episodes per day |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P3 | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P3 | |
All | (4.0 – 9.0h) | (9.1 – 10.9h) | (11.0 – 12.0h) | (1 – 3x) | (4x) | (5 – 10x) | |||
n=1061 | n=397 | n=291 | n=373 | n=361 | n=331 | n=369 | |||
Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1855 ± 555 | 1978 ± 570 | 1816 ± 548 | 1756 ± 520 | <0.001 | 1548 ± 477 | 1847 ± 496 | 2163 ± 506 | <0.001 |
Total carbohydrate intake, % energy | 51.6 ± 8.8 | 51.7 ± 8.4 | 52.2 ± 9.1 | 51.0 ± 9.0 | 0.33 | 51.5 ± 9.7 | 50.9 ± 8.8 | 52.3 ± 7.7 | 0.23 |
Total protein intake, % energy | 15.7 ± 3.9 | 15.3 ± 3.7 | 15.6 ± 4.2 | 16.2 ± 3.8 | 0.003 | 16.0 ± 4.1 | 15.9 ± 3.9 | 15.2 ± 3.6 | 0.020 |
Total fat intake, % energy | 32.6 ± 7.6 | 32.9 ± 7.3 | 32.1 ± 7.7 | 32.6 ± 8.0 | 0.58 | 32.5 ± 8.6 | 33.0 ± 7.6 | 32.2 ± 6.7 | 0.65 |
Night-time energy intake, % energy2 | 33.1 ± 18.3 | 36.8 ± 17.9 | 34.1 ± 16.9 | 28.2 ± 18.7 | <0.001 | 33.5 ± 22.2 | 33.5 ± 17.9 | 32.3 ± 13.9 | 0.43 |
Eating episodes, n/d | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
Night-fasting, hours | 9.9 ± 1.6 | 8.2 ± 0.8 | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 11.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 10.6 ± 1.4 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Plasma fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 0.004 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.06 |
Plasma 2-hour glucose, mmol/L | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 6.6 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | 0.08 | 6.5 ± 1.5 | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 0.07 |
Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0.214 | 0.334 | |||||||
No | 863 (81.3) | 332 (38.5) | 228 (26.4) | 303 (35.1) | 302 (35.0) | 268 (31.1) | 293 (34.0) | ||
Yes | 198 (18.7) | 65 (32.8) | 63 (31.8) | 70 (35.4) | 59 (29.8) | 63 (31.8) | 76 (38.4) |
Values are means ± SDs, unless otherwise stated, n = 1061. GUSTO, Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes.
Computed from night-time energy intake (kcal)/ total energy intake per day (kcal) *100% .
Based on non-parametric test for trend; P <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Based on fisher’s exact test; P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.