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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Nutr. 2016 Oct 19;147(1):70–77. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.239392

Table 2.

Dietary intakes and glucose levels of GUSTO pregnant women according to night-fasting intervals and eating episodes per day1

Night-fasting intervals
Eating episodes per day
Variables Tertile 1 Tertile 2 Tertile 3 P3 Tertile 1 Tertile 2 Tertile 3 P3
All (4.0 – 9.0h) (9.1 – 10.9h) (11.0 – 12.0h) (1 – 3x) (4x) (5 – 10x)
n=1061 n=397 n=291 n=373 n=361 n=331 n=369
Total energy intake, kcal/d 1855 ± 555 1978 ± 570 1816 ± 548 1756 ± 520 <0.001 1548 ± 477 1847 ± 496 2163 ± 506 <0.001
Total carbohydrate intake, % energy 51.6 ± 8.8 51.7 ± 8.4 52.2 ± 9.1 51.0 ± 9.0 0.33 51.5 ± 9.7 50.9 ± 8.8 52.3 ± 7.7 0.23
Total protein intake, % energy 15.7 ± 3.9 15.3 ± 3.7 15.6 ± 4.2 16.2 ± 3.8 0.003 16.0 ± 4.1 15.9 ± 3.9 15.2 ± 3.6 0.020
Total fat intake, % energy 32.6 ± 7.6 32.9 ± 7.3 32.1 ± 7.7 32.6 ± 8.0 0.58 32.5 ± 8.6 33.0 ± 7.6 32.2 ± 6.7 0.65
Night-time energy intake, % energy2 33.1 ± 18.3 36.8 ± 17.9 34.1 ± 16.9 28.2 ± 18.7 <0.001 33.5 ± 22.2 33.5 ± 17.9 32.3 ± 13.9 0.43
Eating episodes, n/d 4.2 ± 1.3 4.6 ± 1.3 4.2 ± 1.2 3.6 ± 1.0 <0.001 2.8 ± 0.4 4.0 ± 0 5.6 ± 0.8 <0.001
Night-fasting, hours 9.9 ± 1.6 8.2 ± 0.8 10.0 ± 0.4 11.6 ± 0.4 <0.001 10.6 ± 1.4 9.8 ± 1.5 9.2 ± 1.4 <0.001
Plasma fasting glucose, mmol/L 4.4 ± 0.5 4.4 ± 0.5 4.4 ± 0.5 4.3 ± 0.4 0.004 4.4 ± 0.4 4.4 ± 0.5 4.3 ± 0.5 0.06
Plasma 2-hour glucose, mmol/L 6.6 ± 1.5 6.4 ± 1.4 6.6 ± 1.7 6.6 ± 1.4 0.08 6.5 ± 1.5 6.5 ± 1.4 6.7 ± 1.5 0.07
Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) 0.214 0.334
   No 863 (81.3) 332 (38.5) 228 (26.4) 303 (35.1) 302 (35.0) 268 (31.1) 293 (34.0)
   Yes 198 (18.7) 65 (32.8) 63 (31.8) 70 (35.4) 59 (29.8) 63 (31.8) 76 (38.4)
1

Values are means ± SDs, unless otherwise stated, n = 1061. GUSTO, Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes.

2

Computed from night-time energy intake (kcal)/ total energy intake per day (kcal) *100% .

3

Based on non-parametric test for trend; P <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

4

Based on fisher’s exact test; P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.