Table 3.
Associations of maternal night-fasting intervals and eating episodes with glucose levels during pregnancy in the GUSTO study1
| Crude |
Adjusted2 |
Adjusted3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Night-fasting (hours) | -0.03 (-0.05, -0.01) | 0.007 | -0.03 (-0.06, -0.01) | 0.015 | -0.03 (-0.06, -0.01) | 0.014 |
| Eating episodes (n/d) | -0.02 (-0.04, 0.01) | 0.14 | -0.03 (-0.06, 0.01) | 0.20 | -0.02 (-0.06, 0.02) | 0.24 |
| Night-fasting | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | -0.01 (-0.08, 0.07) | 0.92 | -0.05 (-0.14, 0.05) | 0.33 | -0.05 (-0.14, 0.05) | 0.33 |
| Tertile 2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Tertile 3 | -0.09 (-0.17, -0.02) | 0.010 | -0.15 (-0.24, -0.06) | 0.002 | -0.15 (-0.25, -0.06) | 0.002 |
| Eating episodes | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 0.03 (-0.04, 0.10) | 0.42 | 0.06 (-0.04, 0.15) | 0.24 | 0.06 (-0.04, 0.15) | 0.26 |
| Tertile 2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Tertile 3 | -0.01 (-0.08, 0.07) | 0.87 | -0.01 (-0.09, 0.09) | 0.98 | 0.01 (-0.09, 0.10) | 0.97 |
| 2-hour glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Night-fasting (hours) | 0.05 (-0.01, 0.11) | 0.08 | 0.05 (-0.04, 0.13) | 0.30 | 0.04 (-0.05, 0.12) | 0.36 |
| Eating episodes (n/d) | 0.08 (0.01, 0.15) | 0.033 | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 0.032 | 0.15 (0.03, 0.28) | 0.018 |
| Night-fasting | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | -0.23 (-0.45, 0.01) | 0.05 | -0.14 (-0.44, 0.17) | 0.38 | -0.14 (-0.44, 0.16) | 0.37 |
| Tertile 2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Tertile 3 | -0.05 (-0.28, 0.18) | 0.66 | -0.01 (-0.32, 0.29) | 0.94 | -0.03 (-0.33, 0.27) | 0.85 |
| Eating episodes | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | -0.04 (-0.26, 0.19) | 0.76 | -0.16 (-0.46, 0.15) | 0.32 | -0.17 (-0.48, 0.13) | 0.27 |
| Tertile 2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Tertile 3 | 0.19 (-0.04, 0.41) | 0.10 | 0.27 (-0.03, 0.57) | 0.08 | 0.31 (0.01, 0.61) | 0.045 |
1
Data were analyzed using multiple linear regressions; P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. GUSTO, Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes.
2
Model 1: adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, education, employment status, night shift status, parity, body mass index, physical activity, sleep duration, bedtime, total energy intake and percentage of energy during night-time.
3
Model 2: adjusted for Model 1 + total percentage of energy from protein, total percentage of energy from fat.