Approximately 90% of patients with MDS will have at least one mutation in one of the genes involved in DNA methylation, RNA splicing, chromatin modification, or in the other category. The other category include genes involved in DNA damage and stress response pathway, transcriptional regulation, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, and sister chromatid separation (cohesion complex). Each of the genes underlined are typically reported as being present in 10% or more cases of MDS.