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Neuronal and non-neuronal DBS effects. Direct modulation of the axonal firing of the purple neuron generates synaptic action on the yellow neuron. Stimulation induced release of neurotransmitters (inset – orange molecules) generate calcium waves in the blue astrocyte, which can then generate the release of gliotransmitters, modulating synaptic plasticity, and dilating the arteriole (red tube), increasing blood flow to the region.
