Table 4.
Associations between independent variables and walking difficulty expectations, coded as either none or mild difficulty versus moderate, severe, or extreme difficulty.
| Univariate analyses | Multivariable analyses | |
|---|---|---|
| Covariates | ||
| Demographic | ||
| Age | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)* | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04)+ |
| Sex (women) | 1.0 (0.84, 1.12) | |
| Race (African American) | 2.65 (2.17, 3.24) * | 2.09 (1.65, 2.63)+ |
| Socioeconomic | ||
| Currently working (no) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.39)* | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) |
| Highest education grade completed | ||
| At least a college degree | 1.00 | 1.00+ |
| Some college | 1.70 (1.38, 2.09)* | 1.36 (1.08, 1.70) |
| ≤ 12 years | 2.51 (1.99, 3.16)* | 1.72 (1.32, 2.23) |
| Live alone (yes) | 1.35 (1.12, 1.63)* | 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) |
| Organized social activities (never or almost never) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.36) | |
| Osteoarthritis-related | ||
| Radiographic knee osteoarthritis (yes) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | |
| Frequent knee pain (yes) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.48)* | 1.00 (0.82, 1.20) |
| Comorbidity score (≥ 1) | 1.56 (1.30, 1.86)* | 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) |
| Joint replacement awareness | ||
| Family member had hip or knee replacement (no) | 1.36 (1.10, 1.68)* | 1.29 (1.02, 1.62)+ |
| Psychological | ||
| Clinical depressive symptoms (yes) | 2.26 (1.79, 2.85)* | 1.83 (1.41, 2.37)+ |
| Ignoring pain sensations | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | |
| Coping self-statements | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11)* | 1.06 (0.99, 1.23) |
| Praying and hoping (score of ≥ 1) | 1.79 (1.51, 2.13)* | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) |
| Reinterpreting pain sensations (score of ≥ 1) | 1.40 (1.17, 1.66)* | 1.17 (0.96, 1.44) |
| Diverting attention (score of ≥ 1) | 1.48 (1.24, 1.76)* | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) |
| Increased behavioral activities | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | |
| Catastrophizing (score of ≥ 1) | 2.05 (1.71, 2.46)* | 1.50 (1.20, 1.86)+ |
*
significant associations in the bivariate analyses at P<0.10 and included in the multivariable analyses. Univariate analyses examine only the association between the variable of interest and walking difficulty expectation, while the multivariable analysis examines the simultaneous association between all variables marked with an asterisk and walking difficulty expectation.
+
statistically significant associations in the multivariable analyses at P<0.05