Table 3:
Association of baseline covariates with all-cause mortality*
| Covariate | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR† (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (per 1-yr increase) | 1.12 (1.11–1.14) | 1.11 (1.10–1.13) |
| Female sex (v. male) | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) |
| Socioeconomic status | ||
| Intermediate (v. high) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) |
| Low (v. high) | 1.41 (1.15–1.73) | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Former smoker (v. never) | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | 1.07 (0.93–1.30) |
| Current smoker (v. never) | 2.08 (1.68–2.56) | 1.86 (1.49–2.38) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| None (v. moderate) | 1.29 (1.06–1.57) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) |
| Heavy (v. moderate) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) |
| Physical activity | ||
| Inactive (v. active) | 1.08 (0.84–1.41) | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) |
| Moderately active (v. active) | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) | 1.18 (0.91–1.51) |
| Consumption of fruits and vegetables (≥ daily v. < daily) | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) | 0.81 (0.69–0.97) |
| BMI (per 1-kg/m2 increase) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| History of CVD (CAD or stroke) | 2.45 (1.98–3.04) | 1.56 (1.25–1.94) |
| History of diabetes | 2.26 (1.82–2.81) | 1.61 (1.28–2.01) |
| History of cancer | 2.14 (1.54–2.98) | 1.86 (1.33–2.60) |
| History of COPD | 1.59 (1.26–2.00) | 1.20 (0.95–1.52) |
| Inflammatory biomarker (per 1-SD increase) | ||
| AGP | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |
| IL-6 | 1.48 (1.39–1.58) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) |
| CRP | 1.33 (1.24–1.43) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
Note: AGP = α1-acid glycoprotein, BMI = body mass index, CAD = coronary artery disease, CI = confidence interval, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP = C-reactive protein, CVD = cardiovascular disease, HR = hazard ratio, IL-6 = interleukin-6, SD = standard deviation.
*
All analyses were based on 736 deaths among 6545 individuals.
†
Adjusted for all covariates (age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index, health behaviours and chronic disease) and other inflammatory biomarkers.