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Curcumin inhibited the UPS and activated autophagy in HUVECs. (A) Inhibition of peptidase activities of 20S proteasome by curcumin (Cur). (B) Effect of Cur on total protein ubiquitination. (C) Enhancement of LC3 levels by Cur. (D,E) Increased autophagy flux by Cur. N = 4. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 vs. PA-treated group.
