Table 1.
Proposed molecular mechanisms relating aspirin use in prostate cancer.
| Mechanism of Action | References | |
|---|---|---|
| Cancer detection | Decreases PSA mRNA and protein levels | Kashiwagi et al., 2013 |
| Regulation of proliferation/apoptosis | Inhibition of SSAT | Li et al., 2016 |
| Reduction in cyclin D1 | Olivan et al., 2015 | |
| Decreases AR, upregulation of EP3 and downregulation of EP2 | Kashiwagi et al., 2013 | |
| Blocks Wnt/B-catenin signaling | Lu et al., 2009 | |
| Decreases survivin expression, TRAIL-induced apoptosis | Yoo and Lee, 2007 | |
| Enhances caspase 3 expression | Royle et al., 2004 | |
| Inhibition of NF-κB pathway and decrease in AR expression | Lloyd et al., 2003 | |
| Regulation of metastasis | Increases a2-integrin expression | Olivan et al., 2015 |
| Inhibition of NK-kB pathway and decrease in uPA expression | Lloyd et al., 2003 | |
| Induction of p75NTR through MAPK pathway and Nag-1 | Wynne and Djakiew, 2010 | |
| Resistance to treatment | Increases expression of MDR1 | Rotem et al., 2000 |
| Increases HSP-70 expression | Amici et al., 1995 |
SSAT, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase; AR, androgen receptor; EP3, E-type prostaglandin receptor 3; EP2, E-type prostaglandin receptor 2; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Nag-1, N-acetylglucosamine-1; MDR1, multidrug resistance protein 1; HSP-70, heat shock protein 70.