Table 1.

Differences between the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) non-risk and ADHD-risk groups.

	Control n = 99 Mean (SD)	ADHD-risk n = 136 Mean (SD)	t (233)	Cohen’s d
Real-time effort
Average	4.23 (1.18)	4.88 (1.26)	-4.00∗∗∗	0.53
Hard block	5.02 (1.48)	5.64 (1.39)	-3.29∗∗∗	0.43
Medium block	4.15 (1.23)	4.80 (1.30)	-3.86∗∗∗	0.51
Easy block	3.83 (1.50)	4.46 (1.75)	-2.99∗∗	0.39
Peak	5.44 (1.20)	6.00 (1.15)	-3.60∗∗∗	0.48
End	4.05 (1.54)	4.74 (1.73)	-3.22∗∗	0.42
Real-time discomfort
Average	3.11 (1.45)	4.15 (1.58)	-5.15∗∗∗	0.69
Hard block	3.72 (1.84)	4.89 (1.88)	-4.77∗∗∗	0.63
Medium block	3.04 (1.47)	4.06 (1.59)	-5.02∗∗∗	0.67
Easy block	2.79 (1.54)	3.76 (1.95)	-4.26∗∗∗	0.55
Peak	4.19 (1.89)	5.33 (1.74)	-4.78∗∗∗	0.63
End	3.07 (1.58)	4.12 (1.99)	-4.33∗∗∗	0.58
PASAT accuracy
Average	0.79 (0.16)	0.74 (0.15)	2.38∗	0.32
Hard block	0.66 (0.25)	0.58 (0.23)	2.43∗	0.33
Medium block	0.80 (0.17)	0.75 (0.16)	2.12∗	0.30
Easy block	0.85 (0.17)	0.81 (0.20)	1.27	0.22
Slope
Real-time effort (Z)	-0.03 (0.23)	-0.04 (0.30)	0.37	0.04
Real-time discomfort (Z)	0.03 (0.26)	0.02 (0.32)	0.23	0.03
Retrospective ratings
Remembered effort	4.53 (1.42)	5.35 (1.28)	-4.67∗∗∗	0.61
Remembered discomfort	3.38 (1.54)	4.60 (1.74)	-5.54∗∗∗	0.74
Perceived performance	4.47 (1.20)	3.79 (1.35)	-4.04∗∗∗	0.53
Willing to repeat task	3.86 (1.92)	3.17 (2.02)	2.64∗∗	0.35
Non-verbal ability
Non-verbal ability	5.88 (2.80)	5.88 (3.40)	-0.01	0

^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.