Table 3.

Results of multivariate logistic regression analyses with parent and child characteristics as independent variables and parental feeding practices as dependent variables.

Variables	Potential risk category	Positive feeding practices—odds of low scores		Negative feeding practices—odds of high scores			Non-nutritive use of food—odds of high scores
		Healthy eating guidance (n = 649)	Monitoring (n = 657)	Restriction for weight control (n = 629)	Restriction for health (n = 653)	Pressure (n = 655)	Emotion regulation/food as reward (n = 653)
		OR (p)
Parent characteristics
Maternal age	≤39 years	–	–	–	–	–	1.55 (0.008)
Maternal BMI	Overweight/obese	1.70 (0.003)	–	–	–	–	–
Parental absence during child mealtime	One or more of the major meals of the week	2.26 (0.006)	–	–	–	–	–
Perceived child weight status	Slightly fat/fat/very fat	–	–	4.60 (0.001)	1.82 (0.040)	1.88 (0.038)a	–
Perceived responsibility for child feeding	Never/seldom/half of the time/most of the time	1.71 (0.001)	1.49 (0.013)	–	–	1.44 (0.023)b	–
Concern about child overweight	Concerned/fairly concerned/very concerned	–	–	2.98 (<0.001)	1.88 (<0.001)	–	–
Concern about child underweight	Fairly concerned/very concerned	–	–	–	–	1.49 (0.014)	–
Child characteristics
Sex	Female	–	–	1.43 (0.042)	–	–	–
BMI z-score	Overweight/obese/extremely obese	–	–	2.44 (<0.001)	–	–	–
Screen time (per day)	>2 h	1.71 (0.001)	1.47 (0.019)	–	–	–	–
Ultra-processed food	Consumed	1.88 (0.001)	2.01 (<0.001)	–	–	–	1.57 (0.014)

Brazilian minimum wage in 2014: R$724.00 (US$321.77).

OR, odds ratio; BMI, body mass index.

Adjusted for child sex and maternal education.

^aPerceived child weight status as severe thinness, thinness, and normal weight.

^bPerceived responsibility for child feeding: always.