FIG 3.

Oral administration of UDCA, TUDCA, and GUDCA during DSS-induced colitis alters the fecal microbiota at lower taxonomic levels. Fecal samples were collected on day 9 of colitis and microbiota profiles were characterized by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. (A) Composition of the fecal microbial community at the class level. (B to F) Percentage of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to Bacteroidaceae (B), Porphyromonadaceae (C), Prevotellaceae (D), Clostridium cluster XIVa (E), and Akkermansia (F). (G) qRT-PCR results for A. muciniphila. Copy numbers were normalized to the 16S rRNA gene copy number in each sample. Data are represented as the mean ± SEM (n ≥ 6 in each group). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. C, control; P, placebo; T, TUDCA; U, UDCA; G, GUDCA.