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The analgesic efficacy of morphine challenged with nor-Binaltorphimine (norBNI) pretreatment is depicted for the test of thermal reactivity. All groups that received morphine had significantly increased tail-flick latencies relative to vehicle-treated controls. However, morphine's analgesic effects decreased with increasing doses of norBNI. Results shown as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 for post-hoc tests; # p < 0.05 for planned comparisons.
