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. 2017 Mar 15;34(6):1200–1208. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4778

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Copyright 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

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FIG. 1. — Inflammation, apoptosis, and hemorrhage 3 h after electrical stimulation and complete spinal block. (A) Subjects receiving electrical stimulation show increased interleukin (IL)-1β processing that is blocked by lidocaine treatment. (B) Subjects receiving electrical stimulation show increased IL-18 processing that is blocked by lidocaine treatment. (C) Subjects receiving electrical stimulation show increased levels of caspase after electrical stimulation. This increase is blocked by lidocaine treatment. (D) Caspase 8 levels were unchanged after electrical stimulation. (E) Subjects that received electrical stimulation showed increased absorbance at 420 nm that was blocked by pre-treatment with lidocaine. (F) Subjects that received electrical stimulation show increased levels of hemoglobin α after stimulation that was blocked by pre-treatment with lidocaine. (G) Representative blots for each target. * indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). Error bars represent standard error of the mean (n = 3).