Table 1.
Summary of papers describing prognostic tools relating to clinical outcomes following radiation therapy (2007–2015)
| Author | Recruitment window | Country | Population | Outcome | Study type | Setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bittner [27] | 1995–2006 | USA | Prostate cancer patients treated with brachytherapy | BFFF, PCSM | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Buyyounouski [38] | 1989–2000 | Canada, Aust, USA | Men previously treated with EBRT for clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma and subsequently diagnosed with BCF. | PCSM | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
| Cooperberg [39] | 1995–2007 | USA | Men enrolled in CaPSURE | PCSM | Retrospective | Multi-centre (CaPSURE Registry) |
| Cooperberg [40] | 1995–2008 | USA | Men with localized disease who underwent prostatectomy, received external-beam radiation, or received primary androgen deprivation; and had at least 6 months of follow-up recorded. | 10 year PCSM | Retrospective | Multi-centre (CaPSURE Registry) |
| D’Ambrosio [41] | 1989–2004 | USA | Men with prostate cancer treated with RT. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| D’Amico [42] | 1991–2005 | USA | Men with high-risk prostate cancer (locally or advanced) and 10 year life expectancy treated with brachytherapy who were observed for a min of 2 years. | PCSM and presence of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. | Prospective | Multi-centre |
| D’Amico [43] | 1988–2004 | USA | Men who underwent RT for prostate cancer for at least 1 high-risk feature. | PCSM | Prospective | Multi-centre |
| Delouya [19] | 2002-Not stated | Canada | Men with low or intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy, EBRT within a phase II or III research protocol, or ERBT outside of a protocol. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Denham [44] | 1996–2000 | Australia & New Zealand | Men with locally advanced prostate cancer receiving RT | PCSM | Prospective | Multi-centre |
| Engineer [9] | 1984–2004 | India | Patients with a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer | BFFF, PCSM, DM, BCF, OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Feng [28] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT. | FFM, PCSM, BFFF, OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Frank [45] | 1996–2006 | USA, Canada, Netherlands. | Men with prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy with at least 30 months of follow-up. | PSA failure. | Retrospective | Multi -centre |
| Frank [25] | 1998–2006 | USA | Men with prostate cancer treated with permament 125 I brachytherapy. | 5 year BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Halverson [46] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT with or without adjuvant ADT | BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Huang [47] | 1993–2003 | USA, Australia | Men with clinical Stage T1c-T3N0M0 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT with or without a high-dose rate brachytherapy boost. | BCF, DM, PCSM,OS. | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Kaplan [12] | 2000–2009 | Israel | Patients with prostate cancer treated with 125 I- brachytherapy. | BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Krishnan [20] | 2003–2008 | Canada | Men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Kubicek [48] | 1998–2004 | USA | Men with biopsy proven T1-T2 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT & LDR. | CSS | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Marshall [11] | 1990–2009 | USA | Men treated with brachytherapy for biopsy-proven prostate adenocarcinoma. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| McKenna [49] | 1998–2003 | USA | Men with biopsy-proved prostate cancer who had MRI imaging prior to EBRT. | Metastatic recurrence and BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Murgic [50] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT. | BFFF, FFM,PCSM and OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Potters [16] | Not stated | USA | Prostate cancer patients treated with brachytherapy. | 9-year BFFF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
| Proust-Lima [51] | Not stated | USA | Men treated for localized prostate cancer with EBRT. | BCF | Prospective | Multi-centre |
| Qian [52] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men who were treated with EBRT for clinically localized prostate cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant ADT. | BFFF, FFM,OS, PCSM. | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Rodrigues [14] | Not stated | Canada | Men with prostate cancer. | BFFF, OS | Retrospective | Multi-centre (GUROC ProCaRS database) |
| Sabolch [53] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men treated for localized prostate cancer with EBRT. | BFFF, FFM,OS, PCSM. | Prospective | Single centre |
| Sanpaolo [21] | 2000–2004 | Italy | Men with T1-T3 NO prostate cancer. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Slater [54] | 1991–1999 | USA | Randomly selected prostate cancer patients treated with proton and photon beam therapy. | bNED | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Spratt [55] | 1997–2008 | USA | Men with localized prostate cancer were treated with IMRT. | BCF, DMFS, BCR | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Steigler [56] | 1996–2000 | Australia & New Zealand | Men with localised advanced prostate cancer treated with RT and experienced BCF prior to clinical failure or secondary theraputic intervention. | TTBF, PCSM,distant progression and STI from BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
| Sylvester [57] | 1988–1992 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with implanted I-125. | 15 year BFFF,CSS and OS. | Prospective | Consecutive case series |
| Taylor [58] | Not stated | USA | Men with localized prostate cancer,NO/MO treated with RT. | Clinical recurrence (local, regional or distant) | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
| Thames [59] | 1987–1995 | USA | Men with clinical stages T1b, T1c, and T2 N0M0 biopsy proven prostate adenocarcinoma. | BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
| Vainshtein [18] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT, +/− ADT | FFM, PCSM. | Prospective | Single centre |
| Vance [60] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT, with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant ADT. | BFFF, DMFS, PCSM & OS. | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Wattson [61] | 1991–2007 | USA | Men with high-risk prostate cancer. | PCSM | Retrospective | Multicentre |
| Westphalen [62] | 1998–2007 | USA | Prostate cancer patients who underwent endorectal MR and MR spectroscopy prior to EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre (national administrative data set) |
| Williams [17] | 1991–2002 | US, Canada, Australia | Men with clinical T1–4 N0/X M0/X prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
| Yoshida [15] | 2003–2008 | Japan | Men with histologically-proven prostate adenocarcinoma, treated with HDR-ISBT. | 5 year PSA failure and OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Yu [63] | 1987–2001 | USA | Men with prostate cancer treated with EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Yu [64] | 1993–2002 | USA | Men newly diagnosed with clinically node-negative, localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Zaorsky [65] | 1992–2004 | USA | Men with clinical stage T1-4, NO/NX-N1, MO adenocarcinoma of the prostate received RT with or without adjuvant ADT. | BCF,DM, OS. | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Zelefsky [66] | 1988–2004 | USA | Men with clinically staged T1-T3 node-negative prostate cancer treated with 3D-CRT or IMRT. | DMFS, BFFF. | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Zelefsky [67] | 1998–2000 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with 3D-CRT or IMRT. | DM,PCSM,BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Zelefsky [68] | 1988–2004 | USA | Men with Stage T1-T3 prostate cancer treated with 3D-CRT or IMRT. | PSA relapse | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Zelefsky [10] | 1998–2009 | USA | Men with clinically localised prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy. | BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
| Zumsteg [69] | 1992–2007 | USA | Men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer, but without high-risk features treated with EBRT. | BCF, BFFF, LF,PCSM, DM. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Abbreviations: OS overall survival, CaPSURE Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavour, RT radiotherapy, BCF bio chemical failure, BFFF bio chemical freedom from failure, PCSM prostate cancer specific mortality, PSA-RFS prostate-specific antigen recurrence-free survival, LF local failure, DM distant metastases, DMFS distant metastases-free survival, FFM freedom from metastases, HDR-ISBT high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy, TTBF time to bio chemical failure, STI secondary therapeutic intervention, bNED bio chemical no evidence of diseaese, 2D-CRT 2D - Conformal radiotherapy, 3D-CRT 3D -Conformal radiotherapy, EBRT external beam radiotherapy, LDR brachytherapy low dose rate brachytherapy, NO/NX no nodal involvement, I-125 Iodine 125 brachytherapy