Table 2.

Details of procedures used in medical imaging for hemodynamic analysis and diagnostics

Geometrical reconstruction
Medical imaging	Voxel reconstruction	3D contour
Ultrasound (medical imaging using vibration/sound of ultrasonic frequency)	Draw boundary curves in the voxel space	Region-based segmentation methods use an algorithm that searches for similar feature e.g. texture pattern and brightness
MRI (uses magnetic field and radio waves)	Connect these points with spline curves and digitize	Divide image into region and check similarity among pixels. Continue dividing for similarity below threshold
PET [by injecting, swallowing or inhaling radioactive drug (tracer)]	Fill the inner part of the boundary	Merge regions with similar features
CT (combined X-ray images from different angles)	Execute the same procedure to X and Y planes	Repeat these two steps until no more merging or splitting is possible
X-ray (high frequency and energy electromagnetic radiation)	Smooth, sum up 3D spaces and cut by threshold values	Active contour combines global and local image segmentation methods
ECG (measuring electrical activity of the hearts using electrodes)
fMRI (using MRI and associated changes with blood flow)

3D modelling
Volumetric reconstruction	Volume rendering	3D image modelling
Define voxel space	Display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled data set, typically a 3D scalar field	Mathematical representation development of an object’s 3D via specialized software that results in a 3D model
Reconstruct to produce transparent or opaque voxel
Curved inconsistent voxel

3D modelling
Contour based reconstruction	Surface rendering	3D surface shading
Binary image of closed curves represents each contour and produces a smooth 3D mesh output	The process of generating an image from a 2D or 3D model (or a scene file collectively) using a specialised computer program	Altering the color of an object/surface/polygon in the 3D scene, based on:
The individual slices of images are stacked to produce a 3D dataset		Its angle to lights
Slice number and contour pixels’ indices convert the contour data into a set of points for reconstruction process		Its distance from lights
		Shading is performed during rendering

Simulation
Import of model and mesh definition	Setting of boundary conditions	Definition of relevant models using computational fluid dynamics
Import boundary mesh	Create finite element function	Achieve multi-scale modelling by coupling (1D-3D NS and IFS)
Quality check of boundary mesh	Define trial and test function (function space)	Branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and algorithms to solve and analyze fluid flows problem
Volume mesh generation	Specify boundary condition and subdomain indicator (information stored in mesh)	Computers perform the calculations to simulate liquids and gases interaction with surfaces defined by boundary conditions
Mesh refinement performance	Constitutive laws of materials (blood and walls). Involved flow governing parameters and blood flow pattern	High-performance computing to deal with the high density grid resolution and deal with large file sizes
Volume mesh quality inspection
Volume mesh save
Align the grid lines of mesh with the flow
Assign high mesh density to capture all relevant flow features and high resolution mesh adjacent to the wall to resolve boundary layer flow

Medical application
Model processing and analysis	Surgical assisted application
Breakdown of the phases of a process to convey the inputs, outputs, and operations of each phase	Set of methods and surgical concept that use computer technology for planning, guiding or performing surgical interventions