Illustration of the conversion from a deconvoluted spectrum of neutral masses to a binary string. A spectrum (top) has three neutral fragment masses 2.2, 3.9, and 8.1 Da (peak intensities are ignored), and its precursor mass is 10.1 Da. The precursor and fragment masses are discretized by multiplying by a scale factor 1 and rounding to integers, resulting in a spectrum with a precursor mass 10 and three fragment masses 2, 4 and 8. The discretized spectrum is converted to a binary string 0101000100. The length of the string is the same to the integer precursor mass; the three 1s correspond to the three fragment masses.