Table 1.
Characteristics of the children and their mothers
| All (n = 1000) | White British (n = 391) | Pakistani (n = 472) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother’s baseline questionnaire | |||
| Mother’s ethnic group | |||
| White British | 391 (39%) | ||
| White Other | 26 (3%) | ||
| Mixed-White and Black | 8 (1%) | ||
| Mixed-White and South Asian | 5 (1%) | ||
| Black | 17 (2%) | ||
| Indian | 42 (4%) | ||
| Pakistani | 472 (47%) | ||
| Bangladeshi | 15 (1%) | ||
| Other | 24 (2%) | ||
| Mother’s country of birth | |||
| UK & Ireland | 612 (61%) | 386 (99%) | 177 (38%) |
| Elsewhere | 388 (39%) | 5 (1%) | 295 (62%) |
| Mother’s age at recruitment (yrs) mean, SD, range | |||
| 28.9, 5.57, 15–44 | 28.9, 5.96, 15–43 | 28.8, 5.28, 17–44 | |
| Marital & cohabitation status combined | |||
| Married and living with partner | 716 (72%) | 167 (43%) | 445 (94%) |
| Not married and living with partner | 170 (17%) | 146 (37%) | 1 |
| Not living with partner | 113 (11%) | 77 (20%) | 26 (6%) |
| missing (married, cohab status missing) | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Birth order | |||
| 1 | 367 (37%) | 184 (47%) | 126 (27%) |
| 2 | 289 (29%) | 128 (33%) | 107 (23%) |
| 3–4 | 290 (29%) | 72 (18%) | 194 (41%) |
| 5+ | 54 (5%) | 7 (2%) | 45 (9%) |
| Total no. of household members | |||
| median, IQR, range | 4, 3–5, 1–16 | 3, 2–3, 1–8 | 5, 4–7, 2–16 |
| missing | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| No. of household members under 16 years | |||
| median, IQR, range | 1, 0–2, 0–7 | 1, 0–1, 0–6 | 2, 1–3, 0–7 |
| missing | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Mother’s highest educational qualification (equivalised) | |||
| < 5 GCSE equivalent | 200 (20%) | 59 (15%) | 130 (28%) |
| 5 GCSE equivalent | 253 (25%) | 98 (25%) | 135 (29%) |
| A level equivalent | 147 (15%) | 72 (18%) | 55 (12%) |
| higher than A level | 313 (31%) | 118 (30%) | 134 (28%) |
| Other/don’t know/foreign unknown | 86 (9%) | 44 (11%) | 17 (3%) |
| missing | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Mother’s employment status | |||
| Currently employed | 461 (46%) | 279 (71%) | 94 (20%) |
| Previously employed | 238 (24%) | 91 (23%) | 117 (25%) |
| Never employed | 300 (30%) | 21 (5%) | 261 (55%) |
| missing | 1 | ||
| Father’s employment status | |||
| Employed non-manual | 414 (44%) | 215 (59%) | 135 (30%) |
| Employed manual | 298 (31%) | 85 (23%) | 172 (38%) |
| Self-employed | 166 (17%) | 38 (10%) | 111 (25%) |
| Student | 9 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 2 |
| Unemployed | 54 (6%) | 21 (6%) | 28 (6%) |
| Don’t know | 5 (1%) | 4 (1%) | 1 |
| missing | 54 | 24 | 23 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 135 (14%) | 110 (28%) | 15 (3%) |
| No | 863 (86%) | 281 (72%) | 456 (97%) |
| missing | 2 | 1 | |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2010 quintile (national) | |||
| 1 (most deprived) | 640 (64%) | 162 (41%) | 387 (82%) |
| 2 | 164 (16%) | 87 (22%) | 49 (10%) |
| 3 | 141 (14%) | 94 (24%) | 30 (6%) |
| 4 | 35 (4%) | 31 (8%) | 4 (1%) |
| 5 (least deprived) | 20 (2%) | 17 (4%) | 2 |
| Maternity records | |||
| Parity (registerable) median, IQR, range |
|||
| 1, 0–2, 0–7 | 1, 0–1, 0–6 | 2, 0–3, 0–7 | |
| missing | 26 | 10 | 14 |
| Gestational age (to last completed week) median, IQR, range | |||
| 39, 38–40, 29–44 | 40, 38–40, 29–44 | 39, 38–40, 20–42 | |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| Birth weight (g) median, IQR, range |
|||
| 3280, 2920–3610, 890–4904 | 3400, 3050–3710, 890–4820 | 3180, 2880–3490, 1275–4520 | |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| Route of birth | |||
| vaginal | 783 (79%) | 296 (76%) | 387 (83%) |
| caesarean | 211 (21%) | 93 (24%) | 82 (17%) |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 3 |
| Sex of baby | |||
| Male | 531 (53%) | 190 (49%) | 262 (55%) |
| Female | 469 (47%) | 201 (51%) | 210 (44%) |
| ALL IN questionnaires | |||
| Ever breastfed | 806 (81%) | 289 (74%) | 386 (82%) |
| Never breastfed | 192 (19%) | 102 (26%) | 84 (18%) |
| missing | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Duration of breastfeeding | |||
| never | 192 (19%) | 102 (26%) | 84 (18%) |
| < =4 weeks | 210 (21%) | 99 (25%) | 91 (19%) |
| 1–6 months | 243 (24%) | 95 (24%) | 121 (26%) |
| 6–12 months | 219 (22%) | 65 (17%) | 102 (22%) |
| > 12 months | 131 (13%) | 29 (7%) | 70 (15%) |
| missing | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Bedroom/bed sharing | |||
| Shared bedroom up to 6 mths: Yes | 912 (92%) | 323 (83%) | 463 (99%) |
| No | 82 | 66 | 5 |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Shared bedroom from 6 mths to 12mth visit: Yes | 716 (72%) | 170 (44%) | 439 (94%) |
| No | 278 | 219 | 29 |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Shared bedroom from 12 mths: Yes | 688 (69%) | 143 (37%) | 448 (95%) |
| No | 312 | 248 | 24 |
| Shared bed from 12 mths: Yes | 273 (27%) | 27 (7%) | 204 (43%) |
| No | 726 | 364 | 267 |
| missing | 1 | 1 | |
| Childcare | |||
| Ever regular childcare by 12 m visit | 348 (35%) | 228 (58%) | 63 (13%) |
| Never regular childcare by 12 m | 646 | 161 | 405 |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Ever regular childcare by 24 m visit | 426 (43%) | 266 (68%) | 92 (19%) |
| Never regular childcare by 24 m | 574 (57%) | 125 (32%) | 380 (81%) |
| Mother & baby activities up to 6 m | |||
| Rarely | 634 (64%) | 169 (44%) | 383 (82%) |
| At least once a month | 41 (4%) | 24 (6%) | 11 (2%) |
| Usually once a week | 191 (19%) | 104 (27%) | 55 (12%) |
| More than once a week | 126 (13%) | 91 (23%) | 18 (4%) |
| missing | 8 | 3 | 5 |
| Mother & baby activities 6 m to 12 m visit | |||
| Rarely | 593 (60%) | 175 (45%) | 337 (72%) |
| At least once a month | 66 (7%) | 32 (8%) | 26 (6%) |
| Usually once a week | 203 (20%) | 92 (24%) | 79 (17%) |
| More than once a week | 132 (13%) | 90 (23%) | 26 (5%) |
| missing | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Ever travelled outside UK up to 12 m visit | |||
| No | 773 (78%) | 320 (82%) | 373 (79%) |
| Within Europe | 93 (9%) | 61 (16%) | 4 (1%) |
| Outside Europe | 128 (13%) | 7 (2%) | 92 (20%) |
| missing | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Travelled outside UK since 1st birthday (up to 24 m visit) | |||
| No | 686 (69%) | 271 (69%) | 343 (73%) |
| Within Europe | 155 (15%) | 110 (28%) | 12 (2%) |
| Outside Europe | 159 (16%) | 10 (3%) | 117 (25%) |